从网上得到一些资料供参考：
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经常食用燕窝是否有副作用呢
悬赏分：10 - 解决时间：2006-8-2 15:09
经常食用燕窝是否有副作用呢,尤其是对经期,是否有影响?
提问者： 雀跃的鱼 - 试用期 一级 最佳答案
燕窝的主要成份是活性蛋白质和矿物质。经期由于血液流失，食用燕窝补充蛋白质等营养成份是适合的。中医认为燕窝性平味甘，“补而能清”、“清肃下行”，有滋阴润燥，益气养阴的功效。环保清洁的燕窝没有任何副作用，请放心食用。
如果在百度搜索“经期 燕窝”，很容易看到网友草草的“燕窝狂赞”，她写道：说到燕窝，效果真不是盖的。草草亲身见证了它的神奇功效。以前，草草的大姨妈一般会来7－8天，有时候甚至会更久，间或还会有点崩漏，中医说是气血两虚。一直都是这样，很烦，到是也没在意。直到有一次，草草来大姨妈的第五天晚上无意吃了一碗燕窝。第二天，大姨妈竟然就慢慢的没有拉。接下来的一个月没有吃，又是老样子，于是，第三个月，第五天的时候，偶又吃了一点燕窝，第二天慢慢没有了，真是神奇啊。此后，草草坚持吃了一段时间，不仅崩漏没有了，经期也缩短到6天，困扰多年的问题就这么解决了。至于燕窝对皮肤的好处，不用说，身体好（特别是妇科方面），皮肤哪有会不好。
搜狐女人频道准妈妈论坛网友erjia说“我已经吃了3个月,效果是慢慢体现出来的.以前例假都会痛,而且时间比较长.最近两次要好很多,疼痛减轻了,最重要的是走的很干净,让我很开心!皮肤是比以前好了,斑点有些淡化.反正例假是轻松多了哦,呵呵!”
《红楼梦》第五十五回写王熙凤“禀赋气血不足，兼年幼不知保养，心力更亏，复添了下红之症”时，就“只吃燕窝粥，两碟子精致小菜”。所以食用燕窝对月经周期会不会产生任何负面影响，对经期不调的年轻女性，或表虚多汗的更年期妇女，宜常食之。
燕窝脂肪含量（0.35）最低，是银耳（1.4）的1/4、豆腐（4.8）的1/14、鸡蛋（6.4）的1/18；但燕窝的必需氨基酸总和（18.64）最高，是银耳（2.22）的8.3倍、豆腐（3.47）的5.4倍、鸡蛋（4.61）的4倍。必需氨基酸必须从食物中获得，人体不能合成。根据实验室对燕窝的初步鉴定，大多数研究者都已经认可纯燕窝主要包含水溶性蛋白质、脂肪、8种必需氨基酸以及钠、碘等元素物质。和鸡蛋、豆腐以及银耳比较起来，燕窝所含的蛋白质、8种必需氨基酸以及其他元素的含量确实都要高出不少。图例中银耳的必需氨基酸总和中只包括6种，因为银耳缺乏异亮氨酸和亮氨酸两种。
白燕和血燕中的营养成份平均含量
营养成份 白燕 血燕
水分(%) 9.25 8.67
粗灰分(%) 8.22 11.43
粗蛋白质(%) 58.62 56.34
总醣(%) 24.62 22.75
热量(千卡/100克) 440 404
蛋白质的生理功能：1. 构成和修补人体组织2.构成酶和激素的成分3.构成抗体免受细菌和病毒侵害4.调节渗透压5.供给能量
白燕和血燕中的氨基酸平均含量(%)
氨基酸种类 白燕 血燕
天门冬氨酸 5.33 4.94
苏氨酸 4.22 4.10
丝氨酸 3.53 3.64
谷氨酸 4.28 3.71
甘氨酸 2.12 1.97
丙氨酸 1.61 1.45
结氨酸 4.00 3.75
蛋氨酸 0.32 0.28
共亮氨酸 2.55 2.86
亮氨酸 5.00 5.12
酪氨酸 4.12 3.82
苯丙氨酸 3.79 3.47
赖氨酸 1.92 1.74
组氨酸 1.82 1.96
精氨酸 3.62 3.40
脯氨酸 4.54 4.27
色氨酸 0.84 0.77
胱氨酸 1.59 1.45
总和 56.61 54.36
氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位，必需氨基酸必须从食物中获得，赖氨酸、酪氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸是必需氨基酸。赖氨酸合成部份能促使细胞内脂肪酸合成；酪氨酸在人体内可转化为肾上腺髓质分泌的去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素；蛋氨酸构成的硫是形成辅酶A和牛磺酸所必不可少的；亮氨酸是支链氨基酸，对于手术、创伤等应激状态下肌肉蛋白质的合成和分解具有特殊重要意义，已在外科和运动营养中影起充分关注。
组氨酸对婴幼儿是必须从食物中获得、不能合成的，形成的组氨有很强的舒张血管作用，并可抑制多种变态反应及炎症。
丙氨酸、谷氨酸、结氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、胱氨酸可以在人体中合成。谷氨酸是与神经系统功能有关的化合物。
氨基酸（燕窝中含有的氨基酸部份）每天需要量值（mg/kg 重量/日）
-- 1983 FAO/WHO 世界卫生组织标准
婴儿 2岁幼儿 10-12岁儿童 成人
亮氨酸 161 73 45 14
赖氨酸 103 64 60 12
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 58 27 27 13
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 125 69 27 14
苏氨酸 87 37 35 7
色氨酸 17 12.5 4 3.5
白燕和血燕中的各种元素平均含量
元素 白燕 血燕
钠(%) 1.38 1.43
钙(%) 0.71 1.86
镁(%) 0.18 0.24
磷(%) 0.01 0.03
钾(ppm) 208 297
铜(ppm) 8.3 8.9
锌(ppm) 38 25
铁(ppm) 114 47
矿物质的生理功能：1.构成机体组织、细胞内外液的重要组成部份2.其缓冲作用可维护机体的酸碱平衡3.组织液中的无机离子保持一定比例是维持神经和肌肉兴奋性、细胞膜通透性及细胞正常功能的必要条件4.是构成某些特殊功能物质的重要组成部份
最早东南亚有大批到山洞采摘燕窝的人，不仅人身极其危险，被他们采摘之后，大自然也被洗劫一空。如今泰国若干小岛的悬崖上，许多腐朽的竹梯通往一度盛产燕窝的洞穴。如今这些洞穴已废弃，鸟儿也不知去向。
随着保护自然的呼声日益高涨，印尼华人发明的燕屋应运而生。这些燕屋的结构与普通屋没有分别，但养燕子并非养鸟，它仍是野生的，靠自己觅食，屋子只不过是用来吸引燕子聚居，好让燕子能把窝筑在燕屋里，又有大量的燕窝收积。巢工厂燕屋内的燕窝，须待小燕子18-24天孵化、45天会飞后，才会被采摘。金丝燕返屋另筑新巢，代代相传、生生不息。《中国国家地理》春节特辑指出：“一些曾经是鸟语天堂的燕洞如今已成为金丝燕的噩梦之地。多建燕屋是保护洞燕的一大措施。”滥采滥伐的洞燕黑手和引燕入屋、野生觅食、科学管理、爱燕如命、弃巢始采的屋燕形成鲜明的对比。屋燕比恶劣环境下的洞燕要清洁饱满，细腻润滑，营养价值绝不会低于洞燕，不仅男女老幼四季皆宜，连素食者也可放心进补。
参考资料：全球最大燕窝门户 www.nestworks.net
0回答者： 燕窝之父 - 魔法师 四级 2006-7-31 20:17”"请参考纯正燕窝 www.yongkangbirdnest.com".
Saturday, 13 June 2009
Friday, 12 June 2009
Mesyuarat Industri Walit
Khabar Baik!
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar akan menanjurkan bengkel industri sarang burung walit pada 14th hinggga 17th Jun di Seremban.
Antara tajuk-tajuk yang dibincang ialah
1.harmonizing rules,regulations and guidelines governing the walit industry
2.Challenges and Opportunities in walit industry
3.Positioning Malaysia as a major producer in World Market
4.Mengenalpasti keperluan R & D
5.one stop agency
SIRIM also going to have :standadization of the field of edible-nest swiflets ranching"on 18th Jun 2009
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar akan menanjurkan bengkel industri sarang burung walit pada 14th hinggga 17th Jun di Seremban.
Antara tajuk-tajuk yang dibincang ialah
1.harmonizing rules,regulations and guidelines governing the walit industry
2.Challenges and Opportunities in walit industry
3.Positioning Malaysia as a major producer in World Market
4.Mengenalpasti keperluan R & D
5.one stop agency
SIRIM also going to have :standadization of the field of edible-nest swiflets ranching"on 18th Jun 2009
Tuesday, 26 May 2009
Aerodramus bartschi
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARIANA SWIFTLET
James D. Reichel1,†, Charles T. Collins2,4, Derek W. Stinson1,3, and Vicente A. Camacho1
1011 Division of Fish and Wildlife, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, Mariana Islands, 96950
1022 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
1033 Current address: Wildlife Program, Endangered Species Section, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501, USA
1044 Corresponding author; ccollins@csulb.edu
Abstract
The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on Saipan lays a single white egg which is incubated for 22.95 days (range 17–30 days). Newly hatched nestlings are naked and weigh 1.11 g (range 1.0– 1.2 g). Nestlings grow slowly, reaching asymptotic weight on day 29 and fledging after 46.8 days (range 40– 55 days). Post-asymptotic weight recession is ±2% and nestlings fledge at slightly above adult weight of 8.01 g. Wing and tail length are >94% of adult size at fledging. Low clutch size, slow chick growth, and extended nestling period are characteristic of other species of swiftlets and may represent food limitation in these diminutive aerial insectivores.
Received: September 25, 2006; Accepted: February 24, 2007
James D. Reichel1,†, Charles T. Collins2,4, Derek W. Stinson1,3, and Vicente A. Camacho1
1011 Division of Fish and Wildlife, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, Mariana Islands, 96950
1022 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
1033 Current address: Wildlife Program, Endangered Species Section, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501, USA
1044 Corresponding author; ccollins@csulb.edu
Abstract
The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on Saipan lays a single white egg which is incubated for 22.95 days (range 17–30 days). Newly hatched nestlings are naked and weigh 1.11 g (range 1.0– 1.2 g). Nestlings grow slowly, reaching asymptotic weight on day 29 and fledging after 46.8 days (range 40– 55 days). Post-asymptotic weight recession is ±2% and nestlings fledge at slightly above adult weight of 8.01 g. Wing and tail length are >94% of adult size at fledging. Low clutch size, slow chick growth, and extended nestling period are characteristic of other species of swiftlets and may represent food limitation in these diminutive aerial insectivores.
Received: September 25, 2006; Accepted: February 24, 2007
genetic homogeneity of swiflet
Print ISSN: 0289-0003
Current: May 2009 : Volume 26 Issue 5
BioOne Member Since: 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Impact Factor: 1.125
ISI Journal Citation Reports® Rankings:
50/124 - Zoology
Zoological Science 25(4):372-380. 2008
doi: 10.2108/zsj.25.372
Genetic Homogeneity Among Colonies of the White-Nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) in Thailand
Anchalee Aowphol1,2, Harold Knight Voris3, Kevin Andrew Feldheim4, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn2, and Kumthorn Thirakhupt1,2,*
1Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
4Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
* Corresponding author. Phone: +66-2-2185259; Fax : +66-2-2185260; E-mail: kumthorn.t@chula.ac.th
Abstract
The white-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus, originally lived in large colonies in natural caves, but now it also occurs in man-made buildings. We investigated the patterns of genetic differentiation in two mitochondrial DNA genes (cyt-b and ND2) and eight microsatellite loci among and within colonies of A. fuciphagus from across recently established man-made colonies in Thailand. Ten white-nest swiftlet colonies were sampled along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea in Thailand during 2003–2006. The genetic diversity of mtDNA was very low, and few significant ΦST values were found between pairs of colonies. Analyses of haplotype relationships did not show genetic structure across the sampled distribution. The level of genetic diversity for microsatellite loci was high, but FST values were not significant. However, due to small sample sizes for some colonies that could limit conclusions on genetic differentiation from ΦST and FST, we also analyzed the microsatellite data using STRUCTURE and found that number of subpopulations of white-nest swiftlets in sampled colonies was one. The lack of genetic differentiation among swiftlet house colonies could be a result of high gene flow between colonies and large population sizes. Our results suggest that A. fuciphagus living in recently established man-made colonies in Thailand should be considered members of a single panmictic population. Future work will be necessary to determine whether this panmixia is stable or a temporary result of the recent explosive expansion of the number of colonies, and comparisons to natural colonies may provide an understanding of mechanisms producing the lack of genetic structure in swiftlet house colonies.
Received: December 12, 2007; Accepted: January 10, 2008
Keywords: Aerodramus fuciphagus, white-nest swiftlet, genetic homogeneity, genetic structure, micro-satellites
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50/124 - Zoology
Zoological Science 25(4):372-380. 2008
doi: 10.2108/zsj.25.372
Genetic Homogeneity Among Colonies of the White-Nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) in Thailand
Anchalee Aowphol1,2, Harold Knight Voris3, Kevin Andrew Feldheim4, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn2, and Kumthorn Thirakhupt1,2,*
1Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
4Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
* Corresponding author. Phone: +66-2-2185259; Fax : +66-2-2185260; E-mail: kumthorn.t@chula.ac.th
Abstract
The white-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus, originally lived in large colonies in natural caves, but now it also occurs in man-made buildings. We investigated the patterns of genetic differentiation in two mitochondrial DNA genes (cyt-b and ND2) and eight microsatellite loci among and within colonies of A. fuciphagus from across recently established man-made colonies in Thailand. Ten white-nest swiftlet colonies were sampled along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea in Thailand during 2003–2006. The genetic diversity of mtDNA was very low, and few significant ΦST values were found between pairs of colonies. Analyses of haplotype relationships did not show genetic structure across the sampled distribution. The level of genetic diversity for microsatellite loci was high, but FST values were not significant. However, due to small sample sizes for some colonies that could limit conclusions on genetic differentiation from ΦST and FST, we also analyzed the microsatellite data using STRUCTURE and found that number of subpopulations of white-nest swiftlets in sampled colonies was one. The lack of genetic differentiation among swiftlet house colonies could be a result of high gene flow between colonies and large population sizes. Our results suggest that A. fuciphagus living in recently established man-made colonies in Thailand should be considered members of a single panmictic population. Future work will be necessary to determine whether this panmixia is stable or a temporary result of the recent explosive expansion of the number of colonies, and comparisons to natural colonies may provide an understanding of mechanisms producing the lack of genetic structure in swiftlet house colonies.
Received: December 12, 2007; Accepted: January 10, 2008
Keywords: Aerodramus fuciphagus, white-nest swiftlet, genetic homogeneity, genetic structure, micro-satellites
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Copyright © 2009 BioOne All rights reserved
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in birdnest
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 266 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
THE DETECTION OF Staphylococcus aureus IN SWIFTLETS' NEST
USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (STREPTAVIDIN BIOTIN)
Retno Oktorina*, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto**, Sitarina Widyarini**, Hastari Wuryastuti**, R. Wasito**
ABSTRACT
A study to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlets' nest using immunohistochemistry (Streptavidin
biotin Complex) has been successfully done. Tissue and supernatant were made from the nest, and the presence of the
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was detected by means of immunohistochemical method. As positive control, we used
Staphylococcus aureus culture, while for negative control we replaced Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody
with Phospat Buffer Saline (PBS). The result showed that staining with Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody in
swiftlets' nest tissue revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus as a brownish group or cluster, resulting from the
reaction of enzymes and chromogen in Streptavidin Biotin Complex. Based on this study, it can be concluded that
immunohistochemical method (Streptavidin Biotin Complex) can be used to detect the presence of Staphylococcus
aureus in swiftlets' nest.
Keywords: swiftlets' nest, S. aureus, immunohistochemistry
INTRODUCTION
A major challenge for Indonesia is to produce animal
food products which are safe for consumers' health.
Animal food safety is not only the world's issue
(Anonym, 2000), but also every indivual's concern. It is
a consumer's right to have safe animal food. Indonesia is
the largest producer and supplier of swiftlets' nest, with
Hongkong, USA, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Japan,
and UK as the major export destinations (Iswonto,
2002). Playing the role as largest producer, Indonesia
should maintain the aspect of food quality as the main
consideration in trade. Market requirement and product
suitability for consumers should be met by increasing
product acceptability and competitiveness in global
market (Anonym, 2000).
Swiftlets' nest is an exotic or delicate food. In addition
as a delicious serving, it can also be used as material for
medications that improves physical strength (Winarno,
1994; Budiman, 2002; Iswanto, 2002). As in other food
materials, swiftlets' nest may subject to damage
resulting from pesticide residuals, animal drugs, heavy
metals, other contaminants, as well as the growth of
microbes, such as bacteria, virus, yeast, and fungi,
which may cause food-borne disease.
To support the availability of safe food products as the
basic consideration in trade, we need microbial
detection method for swiftlets' nest. In a preliminary
______________
*Animal Quarantine Center, Tanjung Perak, Surabaya
**Gadjah Mada University School of Veterinary
Medicine, Yogyakarta
study, Animal Quarantine Board (Balai Karantina
Hewan) in cooperation with Airlangga University
School of Pharmacy had undergone a test on
Microbiological Quality Control for export swiftlets'
nest in Animal Quarantine Juanda (unpublished data).
The result of this preliminary study, obtained using
rapid test (Oxoid, United Kingdom) and followed with
fertilization in agar media, showed that Staphylococcus
spp was identified in five samples of swiftlets' nest,
while Escherichia coli was identified in one sample.
Salmonella spp and Pseudomonas spp were not found.
Staphylococcus spp is a group of bacteria that plays an
important role in food microbiology, and
Staphylococcus aureus is the prominent bacteria in food
because during its growth the organism can produce
enterotoxin. Ecologically, Staphylococcus aureus is
closely related with human beings. In largest amount of
cooked or salted foods, Staphylococcus aureus can
unceasingly grow until reaching a hazardous level
(Buckle, 1987). Based on this preliminary study, a fast
and accurate method to detect Staphylococcus aureus in
swiftlets' nest was needed. The method that is recently
developing is the use of immunohistochemistry by
means of the principle of specific binding between
antigen and antibody which was visualized through
enzymes and substrates. This method used basic
principles of immunology in tissue or cells.
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 267 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used swiftlets' nest samples ready to be
exported through Juanda Airport. The samples were
processed to make preparations in Veterinary Disease
Inspection Bureau (Balai Penyidikan Penyakit
Veteriner, BPPV) Regional IV Yogyakarta in
accordance with standard procedure of BPPV
laboratory. The swiftlets' nest preparation in paraffin
embedded tissue section was put onto Poly-L-lysin
(SIGMA)-coated glass object. The
immunohistochemical staining used Streptavidin Biotin,
with stages as recommended by Wasito (1997). The
swiftlets' nest preparation was paraffinized by giving (a)
xylene, three times each for 2 minutes, (b) 100%
ethanol, twice each for 2 minutes, (c) 95% ethanol, once
each for 2 minutes, (d) 50% ethanol, each for 2 minutes,
and (e) distilled water, twice each for 2 minutes, and
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) of 0.01 m with pH 7.1
for 5 - 10 minutes. Subsequently, the preparation was
immersed in H2O2 to remove endogeneous peroxidase,
and incubated in a microwave. The preparation was then
washed with PBS for 10 minutes, and incubated with
blocking serum (V Block) solution for 10 minutes. The
excessive serum was removed from the preparation and
the latter was directly given with primer antibody, i.e.
Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody and
incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes, and
washed with PBS for 10 minutes. Antigen retrieval was
done using citric acid and microwaved for 10 minutes
(Shan et al, 1997). The preparation was incubated with
Biotynilated Secondary Antibody (Lab Vision, USA) at
room temperature for 10 minutes, incubated with
chromogen substrate (Lab Vision, USA) at room
temperature for 15 minutes, washed with distilled water,
and mounted with glycerol to be observed under the
microscope.
For culture preparation of the isolates of Staphylococcus
aureus and supernatant from swiftlets' nest sample, the
stages of immunohistochemical staining were the same
as those in paraffin-embedded tissue section. The
difference was that in supernatant preparation, the
swiftlets' nest should be paraffinized and washed
directly for 5 minutes, while the rest of the procedures
were all the same. To obtain supernatant preparation, 5
grams of swiftlets' nest sample were finely ground,
added with physiologic NaCl and left overnight.
Subsequently, the preparation was dripped on Poli-Llysine-
coated glass object, and incubated in microwave
for 12 hours and subjected to immunohistochemical
staining using Streptavidin Biotin method (Wasito,
1997). As positive control for this staining method, we
used Staphylococcus aureus colony. Negative control
was made by replacing primary antibody with
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The objective of this study was to apply
immunohistochemical method by using Streptavidin
Biotin Complex. This technique is a modification of
indirect method, in which one antigen from swiftlets'
nest is bound by antibody in two stages. First, the
primary antibody is directly bound to antigen.
Afterwards, the antibody will be bound to biotinilyzedprimary
antibody. The binding between antigen and
antibody would be visualized by the change of enzymes
and substrates into brownish color (Hoffman, 1996;
Wasito, 1997; Harkow F and Lane, 1999). The
application of immunohistochemical method is
immunohistochemical staining to culture, supernatant,
and swiftlets' net tissue. Immunohistochemically-stained
Staphylococcus aureus culture from the nest revealed
brown precipitation, indicating the binding between
antigen and antibody as visualized through the reaction
of peroxidase and 3,3 diaminobenzidine
tetrahydrochloride (Figure 1). The Staphylococcus
aureus looks grouped or clustered.
Immunohistochemically-stained swiftlets' nest
supernatant showed the presence of antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and antibody binding, which
was visualized by the presence of brown precipitation
(Figure 2). This was in line with the basic principle of
chromogen, a marker that can visualize marker
substance at immunocomplex binding in
immunohistochemical staining. In this principle, the
binding between chromogen and peroxide (marker
substance) is visualized brown by using 3,3
diamonobenzidine tetrahydrochloride chromogen
(Baroff and Cook, 1994; Wasito, 1997). The paraffin
embedded tissue section of swiftlets' nest using
Streptavidin Biotin method (Lab Vision, USA) showed
the result of antigen (Staphylococcus aureus) and
antibody binding visualized as having brown color
(Figure 3).
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 268 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Figure 1. Staphylococcus aureus culture in swiflet’s nest
Figure 2. Staphylococcus aureus supernatant in swiflet’s nest
Figure 3. Swiflet’s nest tissue
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 269 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Those results showed that immunohistochemical
method using Streptavidin Biotin can be used to detect
Staphylococcus aureus in supernatant and swiftlets' nest
tissue. Previous studies were reported by Cleary et al
(2004), Priambodo (2004) and Tsusumi et al (1991)
who detected bacteria in intestinal epithelium, blood and
urine using immunohistochemical staining. In these
studies the bacteria was apparent in the form of cluster
or clump (bacterial coated antibody).
In culture preparation using immunohistochemical
staining (Streptavidin biotin), the supernatant and
preparation from swiftlets' nest tissue had a brown
color, a result of binding between antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and its monoclonal antibody
which was visualized through chromogen substrate in
the colony of the bacteria that formed a group or cluster
(Duguid, 1989).
CONCLUSION
Immunohistochemical staining can be used to detect the
presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlet's nest.
REFERENCES
Anonim, 2000. Petunjuk Teknis Operasional Tindak
Karantina Hewan Untuk Sarang Burung Walet,
Penerbit Proyek Pusat Karantina, Pertanian, Jakarta
Bbckle KA, Edwards RA, Fleet, Wooton M, 1978. Food
Science, translated by Hari Purnomo dan Adiono,
Penerbit Universitas Indonesia
Budiman A, 2002. Memproduksi Sarang Walet Kualitas
Atas, PT. Penebar Swadaya, jakarta
Bancroft JD and Cook HC, 1994. Manual of
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application. Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom.
Cleary J, Ching Lai L, Robert KS, Stratman IA,
Donnenberg MS, Frankel G, Knutton S, 2004.
Enteropathogenic Esherichia Coli (EPEC) adhesion to
intestinal epithelial cells; role of bundle formingpili
(BFP), Esp A flamens and intimin. J Microbiology
150, pp. 527-538.
Duguid JP, 1989. Staphylococcus: Cluster Farming
Gram Positive Cocci. In: Collee, JG, Duguid JP,
Frasser and Marmion BP. Pratical Medical
Microbiology, 13th ed. Churchill Livingstone,
Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, pp. 305-
308.
Harlow E and Lane, 1999. Using Antibodies, A
Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory
Press, New York.
Hofman F, 1996. Immunohistochemistry. In: Current
Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley and sons, Inc.
pp. 5.8.1-5.8.23.
Iswanto H, 2002. Kiat Mengatasi Permasalahan Praktis
Walet, PT Agromedia Pustaka, pp. 41-50.
Priyambodo Y, 2001. Deteksi bakteri Berselubung
Antibodi Dalam Sedimen Air Kemih Dengan Uji
Streptavidin Biotin, Dissertasion, Airlangga
University, Surabaya.
Tsutsumi Y, Kawai K, Nagakura K, 1991. Use of
patients sera for immunoperoxidase demonstration of
infection agents paraffin sections. J Acta Pathol
Japan 41 (9), pp. 673-679.
Wasito, R, 1997 Immunocytochemistry. In: Diagnostic
Pathology : Use of Immunohistochemocal Tecniques
For Detecting Porcine Specific RNA Transmisible
Gastroenteritisvicus In Vivo. Indon. J. Biotech 6, pp.
121-124.
Winarno, 1994. Sarang Burung Walet, Bahan Hidangan
Eksotis, Bonus Femina (3): 22, Jakarta.E
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 266 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
THE DETECTION OF Staphylococcus aureus IN SWIFTLETS' NEST
USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (STREPTAVIDIN BIOTIN)
Retno Oktorina*, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto**, Sitarina Widyarini**, Hastari Wuryastuti**, R. Wasito**
ABSTRACT
A study to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlets' nest using immunohistochemistry (Streptavidin
biotin Complex) has been successfully done. Tissue and supernatant were made from the nest, and the presence of the
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was detected by means of immunohistochemical method. As positive control, we used
Staphylococcus aureus culture, while for negative control we replaced Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody
with Phospat Buffer Saline (PBS). The result showed that staining with Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody in
swiftlets' nest tissue revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus as a brownish group or cluster, resulting from the
reaction of enzymes and chromogen in Streptavidin Biotin Complex. Based on this study, it can be concluded that
immunohistochemical method (Streptavidin Biotin Complex) can be used to detect the presence of Staphylococcus
aureus in swiftlets' nest.
Keywords: swiftlets' nest, S. aureus, immunohistochemistry
INTRODUCTION
A major challenge for Indonesia is to produce animal
food products which are safe for consumers' health.
Animal food safety is not only the world's issue
(Anonym, 2000), but also every indivual's concern. It is
a consumer's right to have safe animal food. Indonesia is
the largest producer and supplier of swiftlets' nest, with
Hongkong, USA, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Japan,
and UK as the major export destinations (Iswonto,
2002). Playing the role as largest producer, Indonesia
should maintain the aspect of food quality as the main
consideration in trade. Market requirement and product
suitability for consumers should be met by increasing
product acceptability and competitiveness in global
market (Anonym, 2000).
Swiftlets' nest is an exotic or delicate food. In addition
as a delicious serving, it can also be used as material for
medications that improves physical strength (Winarno,
1994; Budiman, 2002; Iswanto, 2002). As in other food
materials, swiftlets' nest may subject to damage
resulting from pesticide residuals, animal drugs, heavy
metals, other contaminants, as well as the growth of
microbes, such as bacteria, virus, yeast, and fungi,
which may cause food-borne disease.
To support the availability of safe food products as the
basic consideration in trade, we need microbial
detection method for swiftlets' nest. In a preliminary
______________
*Animal Quarantine Center, Tanjung Perak, Surabaya
**Gadjah Mada University School of Veterinary
Medicine, Yogyakarta
study, Animal Quarantine Board (Balai Karantina
Hewan) in cooperation with Airlangga University
School of Pharmacy had undergone a test on
Microbiological Quality Control for export swiftlets'
nest in Animal Quarantine Juanda (unpublished data).
The result of this preliminary study, obtained using
rapid test (Oxoid, United Kingdom) and followed with
fertilization in agar media, showed that Staphylococcus
spp was identified in five samples of swiftlets' nest,
while Escherichia coli was identified in one sample.
Salmonella spp and Pseudomonas spp were not found.
Staphylococcus spp is a group of bacteria that plays an
important role in food microbiology, and
Staphylococcus aureus is the prominent bacteria in food
because during its growth the organism can produce
enterotoxin. Ecologically, Staphylococcus aureus is
closely related with human beings. In largest amount of
cooked or salted foods, Staphylococcus aureus can
unceasingly grow until reaching a hazardous level
(Buckle, 1987). Based on this preliminary study, a fast
and accurate method to detect Staphylococcus aureus in
swiftlets' nest was needed. The method that is recently
developing is the use of immunohistochemistry by
means of the principle of specific binding between
antigen and antibody which was visualized through
enzymes and substrates. This method used basic
principles of immunology in tissue or cells.
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 267 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used swiftlets' nest samples ready to be
exported through Juanda Airport. The samples were
processed to make preparations in Veterinary Disease
Inspection Bureau (Balai Penyidikan Penyakit
Veteriner, BPPV) Regional IV Yogyakarta in
accordance with standard procedure of BPPV
laboratory. The swiftlets' nest preparation in paraffin
embedded tissue section was put onto Poly-L-lysin
(SIGMA)-coated glass object. The
immunohistochemical staining used Streptavidin Biotin,
with stages as recommended by Wasito (1997). The
swiftlets' nest preparation was paraffinized by giving (a)
xylene, three times each for 2 minutes, (b) 100%
ethanol, twice each for 2 minutes, (c) 95% ethanol, once
each for 2 minutes, (d) 50% ethanol, each for 2 minutes,
and (e) distilled water, twice each for 2 minutes, and
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) of 0.01 m with pH 7.1
for 5 - 10 minutes. Subsequently, the preparation was
immersed in H2O2 to remove endogeneous peroxidase,
and incubated in a microwave. The preparation was then
washed with PBS for 10 minutes, and incubated with
blocking serum (V Block) solution for 10 minutes. The
excessive serum was removed from the preparation and
the latter was directly given with primer antibody, i.e.
Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody and
incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes, and
washed with PBS for 10 minutes. Antigen retrieval was
done using citric acid and microwaved for 10 minutes
(Shan et al, 1997). The preparation was incubated with
Biotynilated Secondary Antibody (Lab Vision, USA) at
room temperature for 10 minutes, incubated with
chromogen substrate (Lab Vision, USA) at room
temperature for 15 minutes, washed with distilled water,
and mounted with glycerol to be observed under the
microscope.
For culture preparation of the isolates of Staphylococcus
aureus and supernatant from swiftlets' nest sample, the
stages of immunohistochemical staining were the same
as those in paraffin-embedded tissue section. The
difference was that in supernatant preparation, the
swiftlets' nest should be paraffinized and washed
directly for 5 minutes, while the rest of the procedures
were all the same. To obtain supernatant preparation, 5
grams of swiftlets' nest sample were finely ground,
added with physiologic NaCl and left overnight.
Subsequently, the preparation was dripped on Poli-Llysine-
coated glass object, and incubated in microwave
for 12 hours and subjected to immunohistochemical
staining using Streptavidin Biotin method (Wasito,
1997). As positive control for this staining method, we
used Staphylococcus aureus colony. Negative control
was made by replacing primary antibody with
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The objective of this study was to apply
immunohistochemical method by using Streptavidin
Biotin Complex. This technique is a modification of
indirect method, in which one antigen from swiftlets'
nest is bound by antibody in two stages. First, the
primary antibody is directly bound to antigen.
Afterwards, the antibody will be bound to biotinilyzedprimary
antibody. The binding between antigen and
antibody would be visualized by the change of enzymes
and substrates into brownish color (Hoffman, 1996;
Wasito, 1997; Harkow F and Lane, 1999). The
application of immunohistochemical method is
immunohistochemical staining to culture, supernatant,
and swiftlets' net tissue. Immunohistochemically-stained
Staphylococcus aureus culture from the nest revealed
brown precipitation, indicating the binding between
antigen and antibody as visualized through the reaction
of peroxidase and 3,3 diaminobenzidine
tetrahydrochloride (Figure 1). The Staphylococcus
aureus looks grouped or clustered.
Immunohistochemically-stained swiftlets' nest
supernatant showed the presence of antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and antibody binding, which
was visualized by the presence of brown precipitation
(Figure 2). This was in line with the basic principle of
chromogen, a marker that can visualize marker
substance at immunocomplex binding in
immunohistochemical staining. In this principle, the
binding between chromogen and peroxide (marker
substance) is visualized brown by using 3,3
diamonobenzidine tetrahydrochloride chromogen
(Baroff and Cook, 1994; Wasito, 1997). The paraffin
embedded tissue section of swiftlets' nest using
Streptavidin Biotin method (Lab Vision, USA) showed
the result of antigen (Staphylococcus aureus) and
antibody binding visualized as having brown color
(Figure 3).
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 268 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Figure 1. Staphylococcus aureus culture in swiflet’s nest
Figure 2. Staphylococcus aureus supernatant in swiflet’s nest
Figure 3. Swiflet’s nest tissue
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 269 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Those results showed that immunohistochemical
method using Streptavidin Biotin can be used to detect
Staphylococcus aureus in supernatant and swiftlets' nest
tissue. Previous studies were reported by Cleary et al
(2004), Priambodo (2004) and Tsusumi et al (1991)
who detected bacteria in intestinal epithelium, blood and
urine using immunohistochemical staining. In these
studies the bacteria was apparent in the form of cluster
or clump (bacterial coated antibody).
In culture preparation using immunohistochemical
staining (Streptavidin biotin), the supernatant and
preparation from swiftlets' nest tissue had a brown
color, a result of binding between antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and its monoclonal antibody
which was visualized through chromogen substrate in
the colony of the bacteria that formed a group or cluster
(Duguid, 1989).
CONCLUSION
Immunohistochemical staining can be used to detect the
presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlet's nest.
REFERENCES
Anonim, 2000. Petunjuk Teknis Operasional Tindak
Karantina Hewan Untuk Sarang Burung Walet,
Penerbit Proyek Pusat Karantina, Pertanian, Jakarta
Bbckle KA, Edwards RA, Fleet, Wooton M, 1978. Food
Science, translated by Hari Purnomo dan Adiono,
Penerbit Universitas Indonesia
Budiman A, 2002. Memproduksi Sarang Walet Kualitas
Atas, PT. Penebar Swadaya, jakarta
Bancroft JD and Cook HC, 1994. Manual of
histological techniques and their diagnostic
application. Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom.
Cleary J, Ching Lai L, Robert KS, Stratman IA,
Donnenberg MS, Frankel G, Knutton S, 2004.
Enteropathogenic Esherichia Coli (EPEC) adhesion to
intestinal epithelial cells; role of bundle formingpili
(BFP), Esp A flamens and intimin. J Microbiology
150, pp. 527-538.
Duguid JP, 1989. Staphylococcus: Cluster Farming
Gram Positive Cocci. In: Collee, JG, Duguid JP,
Frasser and Marmion BP. Pratical Medical
Microbiology, 13th ed. Churchill Livingstone,
Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, pp. 305-
308.
Harlow E and Lane, 1999. Using Antibodies, A
Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory
Press, New York.
Hofman F, 1996. Immunohistochemistry. In: Current
Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley and sons, Inc.
pp. 5.8.1-5.8.23.
Iswanto H, 2002. Kiat Mengatasi Permasalahan Praktis
Walet, PT Agromedia Pustaka, pp. 41-50.
Priyambodo Y, 2001. Deteksi bakteri Berselubung
Antibodi Dalam Sedimen Air Kemih Dengan Uji
Streptavidin Biotin, Dissertasion, Airlangga
University, Surabaya.
Tsutsumi Y, Kawai K, Nagakura K, 1991. Use of
patients sera for immunoperoxidase demonstration of
infection agents paraffin sections. J Acta Pathol
Japan 41 (9), pp. 673-679.
Wasito, R, 1997 Immunocytochemistry. In: Diagnostic
Pathology : Use of Immunohistochemocal Tecniques
For Detecting Porcine Specific RNA Transmisible
Gastroenteritisvicus In Vivo. Indon. J. Biotech 6, pp.
121-124.
Winarno, 1994. Sarang Burung Walet, Bahan Hidangan
Eksotis, Bonus Femina (3): 22, Jakarta.E
birdnest management
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Journal Article
Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Journal Biodiversity and Conservation
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0960-3115 (Print) 1572-9710 (Online)
Issue Volume 13, Number 12 / November, 2004
DOI 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000047905.79709.7f
Pages 2209-2226
Subject Collection Biomedical and Life Sciences
SpringerLink Date Monday, January 03, 2005
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Problems in the harvest of edible birds'' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Joseph J. Hobbs1
(1) Department of Geography, University of Missouri-Columbia, 8, Stewart Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA (e-mail
Abstract Due to the value of their nests, there is great pressure on the populations of black-nest swiftlets (Collocalia maximus) and white-nest swiftlets (Collocalia fuciphagus) in the Malaysian provinces of Sarawak and Sabah. The problems are particularly acute at Gunung Mulu National Park, in spite of a complete ban on collection there, and at Niah National Park, where every participant in a complex collection and trading system has an incentive to take more nests than permitted. More successful harvest systems function in Sabah''s Gomantong and Madai Caves. Recommendations for improved management of the nest harvest include addressing corruption, ensuring that local people with traditional rights to collect nests do not lose income to illegal immigrant labor and to traders, improving research and education about the swiftlets'' behavior and ecology, and moving value-added processing of the nests closer to the caves where they originate and to the people who collect them.
Birds nests - Borneo - Ethnicity and resource access - Malaysia - Poaching - Swiftlets
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Joseph J. Hobbs
Email: HobbsJ@missouri.edu
Fax: +1-573-884-4239
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Journal Article
Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Journal Biodiversity and Conservation
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0960-3115 (Print) 1572-9710 (Online)
Issue Volume 13, Number 12 / November, 2004
DOI 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000047905.79709.7f
Pages 2209-2226
Subject Collection Biomedical and Life Sciences
SpringerLink Date Monday, January 03, 2005
Add to marked items
Add to shopping cart
Add to saved items
Permissions & Reprints
Recommend this article
PDF (156.9 KB)Free Preview
Problems in the harvest of edible birds'' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Joseph J. Hobbs1
(1) Department of Geography, University of Missouri-Columbia, 8, Stewart Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA (e-mail
Abstract Due to the value of their nests, there is great pressure on the populations of black-nest swiftlets (Collocalia maximus) and white-nest swiftlets (Collocalia fuciphagus) in the Malaysian provinces of Sarawak and Sabah. The problems are particularly acute at Gunung Mulu National Park, in spite of a complete ban on collection there, and at Niah National Park, where every participant in a complex collection and trading system has an incentive to take more nests than permitted. More successful harvest systems function in Sabah''s Gomantong and Madai Caves. Recommendations for improved management of the nest harvest include addressing corruption, ensuring that local people with traditional rights to collect nests do not lose income to illegal immigrant labor and to traders, improving research and education about the swiftlets'' behavior and ecology, and moving value-added processing of the nests closer to the caves where they originate and to the people who collect them.
Birds nests - Borneo - Ethnicity and resource access - Malaysia - Poaching - Swiftlets
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Joseph J. Hobbs
Email: HobbsJ@missouri.edu
Fax: +1-573-884-4239
Fulltext Preview (Small, Large)
References secured to subscribers.
more options Find Query Builder Close | Clear Title (ti) Summary (su) Author (au) ISSN (issn) ISBN (isbn) DOI (doi) And Or Not ( ) * (wildcard) "" (exact) Within all content
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© Springer. Part of Springer Science+Business Media
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Swiflet Nest Research
Go to Print Version
Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906
Taxonomic Serial No.: 178017
Download Aerodramus TSN 178017
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Kingdom: Animalia
Taxonomic Rank: Genus
Synonym(s):
Common Name(s): Edible-nest Swiftlets [English]
Taxonomic Status:
Current Standing: valid
Data Quality Indicators:
Record Credibility Rating: verified - standards met
Global Species Completeness: complete
Latest Record Review: 2005
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom Animalia -- Animal, animals, animaux
Phylum Chordata -- chordates, cordado, cordés
Subphylum Vertebrata -- vertebrado, vertebrates, vertébrés
Class Aves -- Birds, oiseaux
Order Apodiformes -- Hummingbirds, Swifts
Family Apodidae -- Swifts
Subfamily Apodinae
Genus Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906 -- Edible-nest Swiftlets
Direct Children:
Species Aerodramus bartschi (Mearns, 1909) -- Mariana Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus brevirostris (Horsfield, 1840) -- Himalayan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus elaphrus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Seychelles Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus francicus (Gmelin, 1789) -- Mascarene Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) -- Edible-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus hirundinaceus (Stresemann, 1914) -- Mountain Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus infuscatus (Salvadori, 1880) -- Moluccan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus inquietus (Kittlitz, 1858)
Species Aerodramus leucophaeus (Peale, 1848) -- Tahiti Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus maximus (Hume, 1878) -- Black-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus mearnsi (Oberholser, 1912) -- Philippine Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus nuditarsus (Salomonsen, 1962) -- Bare-legged Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus ocistus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Marquesan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus orientalis (Mayr, 1935) -- Mayr's Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus papuensis (Rand, 1941) -- Three-toed Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus pelewensis (Mayr, 1935) -- Palau Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus salangana (Streubel, 1848) -- Mossy-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus spodiopygius (Peale, 1848) -- White-rumped Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus terraereginae (E. P. Ramsay, 1875) -- Australian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus unicolor (Jerdon, 1840) -- Indian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) -- Gray Swiftlet, Uniform Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895) -- Whitehead's Swiftlet
References
Expert(s):
Expert: Alan P. Peterson, M.D.
Notes: PO Box 1999 Walla Walla, Washington 99362-0999
Reference for: Aerodramus
Expert: Richard C. Banks
Notes: Chief, Bird Section, U.S.G.S. - B.R.D. - P.W.R.C.
Reference for: Aerodramus
Other Source(s):
Source: NODC Taxonomic Code, database (version 8.0)
Acquired: 1996
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus
Source: Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2005.11.05, website (version 05-Nov-05)
Acquired: 2005
Notes: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data maintained by Alan P. Peterson at http://www.zoonomen.net
Reference for: Aerodramus
Publication(s):
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes
Publication Date: 2003
Article/Chapter Title:
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Page(s):
Publisher:
Publication Place:
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes: As-yet (2003) unpublished manuscript from 1998
Reference for: Aerodramus
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner
Publication Date: 1987
Article/Chapter Title: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Resource Publication, no. 166
Page(s): 79
Publisher: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
Publication Place: Washington, D.C., USA
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus, Edible-nest Swiftlets
Geographic Information
Geographic Division:
Jurisdiction/Origin:
Comments
Comment:
Other Off-Site Resources
Additional off-site resources may be available for this taxon. ITIS will build search links for all of the following that return results:
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Data Portal
BioOne Journals
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Life Sciences Search
Google Images
The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora Search
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Search
Threatened and Endangered Species (TESS) Search
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Search
Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) Search
USDA PLANTS Database Search
NatureServe Explorer Search
Please be patient. The time it takes to return results depends on the speed of the individual sites and may take several minutes.
Search on: Any Name or TSN Common Name Scientific Name TSN
In: every Animal Plant Fungal Monera Protozoa Chromista Kingdom exactly for containing starting with ending with
Go to Advanced Search and Report
Date Generated:
Tue May 26 2009 04:49:38 MDT
Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906
Taxonomic Serial No.: 178017
Download Aerodramus TSN 178017
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Kingdom: Animalia
Taxonomic Rank: Genus
Synonym(s):
Common Name(s): Edible-nest Swiftlets [English]
Taxonomic Status:
Current Standing: valid
Data Quality Indicators:
Record Credibility Rating: verified - standards met
Global Species Completeness: complete
Latest Record Review: 2005
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom Animalia -- Animal, animals, animaux
Phylum Chordata -- chordates, cordado, cordés
Subphylum Vertebrata -- vertebrado, vertebrates, vertébrés
Class Aves -- Birds, oiseaux
Order Apodiformes -- Hummingbirds, Swifts
Family Apodidae -- Swifts
Subfamily Apodinae
Genus Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906 -- Edible-nest Swiftlets
Direct Children:
Species Aerodramus bartschi (Mearns, 1909) -- Mariana Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus brevirostris (Horsfield, 1840) -- Himalayan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus elaphrus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Seychelles Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus francicus (Gmelin, 1789) -- Mascarene Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) -- Edible-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus hirundinaceus (Stresemann, 1914) -- Mountain Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus infuscatus (Salvadori, 1880) -- Moluccan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus inquietus (Kittlitz, 1858)
Species Aerodramus leucophaeus (Peale, 1848) -- Tahiti Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus maximus (Hume, 1878) -- Black-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus mearnsi (Oberholser, 1912) -- Philippine Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus nuditarsus (Salomonsen, 1962) -- Bare-legged Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus ocistus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Marquesan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus orientalis (Mayr, 1935) -- Mayr's Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus papuensis (Rand, 1941) -- Three-toed Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus pelewensis (Mayr, 1935) -- Palau Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus salangana (Streubel, 1848) -- Mossy-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus spodiopygius (Peale, 1848) -- White-rumped Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus terraereginae (E. P. Ramsay, 1875) -- Australian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus unicolor (Jerdon, 1840) -- Indian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) -- Gray Swiftlet, Uniform Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895) -- Whitehead's Swiftlet
References
Expert(s):
Expert: Alan P. Peterson, M.D.
Notes: PO Box 1999 Walla Walla, Washington 99362-0999
Reference for: Aerodramus
Expert: Richard C. Banks
Notes: Chief, Bird Section, U.S.G.S. - B.R.D. - P.W.R.C.
Reference for: Aerodramus
Other Source(s):
Source: NODC Taxonomic Code, database (version 8.0)
Acquired: 1996
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus
Source: Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2005.11.05, website (version 05-Nov-05)
Acquired: 2005
Notes: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data maintained by Alan P. Peterson at http://www.zoonomen.net
Reference for: Aerodramus
Publication(s):
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes
Publication Date: 2003
Article/Chapter Title:
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Page(s):
Publisher:
Publication Place:
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes: As-yet (2003) unpublished manuscript from 1998
Reference for: Aerodramus
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner
Publication Date: 1987
Article/Chapter Title: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Resource Publication, no. 166
Page(s): 79
Publisher: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
Publication Place: Washington, D.C., USA
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus, Edible-nest Swiftlets
Geographic Information
Geographic Division:
Jurisdiction/Origin:
Comments
Comment:
Other Off-Site Resources
Additional off-site resources may be available for this taxon. ITIS will build search links for all of the following that return results:
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Data Portal
BioOne Journals
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Life Sciences Search
Google Images
The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora Search
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Search
Threatened and Endangered Species (TESS) Search
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Search
Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) Search
USDA PLANTS Database Search
NatureServe Explorer Search
Please be patient. The time it takes to return results depends on the speed of the individual sites and may take several minutes.
Search on: Any Name or TSN Common Name Scientific Name TSN
In: every Animal Plant Fungal Monera Protozoa Chromista Kingdom exactly for containing starting with ending with
Go to Advanced Search and Report
Date Generated:
Tue May 26 2009 04:49:38 MDT
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