Monday 2 November 2009
Friday 23 October 2009
为降成本不择手段!香港名牌燕窝造假大揭密
各位朋友， 网上又一宗揭开假燕窝制造过程。
“Friday, October 16, 2009
为降成本不择手段!香港名牌燕窝造假大揭密(图)
“鱼翅捞饭、燕窝做早餐”向来都是富贵人家的身份象征，但随着印尼养燕技术不断改进，十多年前卖2000多港币一两的上等燕盏，现时千余元都有交易；不过，燕窝变得平民化后，竟也为一些不法商人提供了商机。
以燕窝补身近年已成风气，一些打着直销旗号的专卖店乘势而起，纷纷标榜从印尼直接入货、甚至自设工场降低成本贱价倾销，再加上明星代言和强劲宣传攻势，极速将招牌打造成为“名牌燕窝店”，令愈来愈多消费者以为光顾直销店必定货真价实，无须担心买到假货或被欺秤。
但《东周刊》在多间大型燕窝店抽样化验后，却发现“楼上”及“盏记”的燕盏，竟含有非燕窝成分。
《东周刊》直击印尼的问题燕窝工场，揭开市民真金白银买来鱼目混珠假货的真相！
天然燕盏或多或少都是会混有燕毛及杂质，必须清除才可烹调食用，但除毛后盏身会出现很多缝隙，变得参差不齐，卖相极不讨好，故一般燕窝商都会加工将之修补。
据业内一名专业人士说：“正确的做法应该是绝不添加任何物料，只是将燕盏的疏隙部分自然粘合，但是这样做会令燕盏变形同时外形有些歪，所以不少加工厂今年都兴起用平价燕碎填补缝隙，虽然有些唬弄人，但是勉强可以接受！因为更无良的做法是将非燕窝的物质填上，令燕盏变得饱满而且又增加了重量。而这类物料的共同特征，是有快速锁水功效，能将只有八成干的燕窝表面变得硬且干燥，却又可保住里面的水份重量。以此手法“加料”的燕盏，所含杂质和水份竟可达三成之多。香港燕窝零售市场近年的竞争相当激烈，不少大型连锁店都以铺天盖地式广告，推广买三送一，甚至半价优惠等惊人折扣吸引顾客，令燕窝价格屡创新低。如此割喉式减价，就连传统品牌也有点吃不消，亦因而引起业内人士怀疑。该名老行尊说：“大家都从印尼进货，成本多少心里有数，为什么个个都可以卖到比我们便宜两、三成，还可以做那么多广告？不用讲大家都知道货有问题啦！”
燕盏片片有价，片片加料肯定可以提升市场竞争力。不过，加工过程属商家秘密，业内人士虽然满腹疑团，亦不易取得真凭实据。但有人为揭开疑团，不惜出动商业间谍，渗入对方远在印尼的燕窝加工厂寻找证据。
行家聘间谍踢爆
《东周刊》早前就获得商业间谍搜集得来的机密资料，指“楼上”及“盏记”的货同样有问题。资料还包括两瓶粉末证据，声称分别从两间燕窝加工场内取得，其中一瓶无品牌的纳盐类白色粉末，据透露是来自供货给“楼上”的工场，用作混入燕盏中五种物料中的其中一种；而另一瓶名称“SUPER77”的粉末，则是“盏记”的加料秘方。
为评估指控可信度，本刊进行了抽样测试，先到“楼上”的旺角分店选购了每两售价1350元、名为“龙头天盏”的高级燕窝，再往“盏记”的德福分店，购买了每两价值838元的“大好盏”，另外又从老牌参茸店“东方红”、另一大型连锁店“官燕盏”、以及上环一间批发店抽样，进行两种粉末的核对测试。
本刊将来自五间不同商户的燕窝及两瓶粉末，以不具名方法交予香港汇力实验室，进行指纹图谱核对测试。结果显示，购自“楼上”的龙头天盏，证实含有本刊提交的钠盐粉末，至于“盏记”的大好盏，亦混有“SUPER77”。虽然“SUPER77”的标注说明是燕窝碎的提取物，但实验室发言人指出，其图谱并未显示出含燕窝成分。
测试证实“有料到”
测试结论是：两店燕窝附有相关非燕窝的可能性极高，至于其他样本则证实没有含有该两种粉末。化验结果与机密资料吻合，本刊随即按资料提供的多个地址飞往印尼泗水市，追访专门批发予香港直销店的燕窝加工场里的乾坤。第一个被指供货予“楼上”燕窝庄的问题工场，位于距离市中心约两小时车程的贫民区巴里镇。该处燕屋随街可见，通常楼高不过三层，全屋几近密封，只开出小窗供燕子透气及出入。而目标工场不单位处偏僻，且是该区较为罕见、集燕屋与加工场于同一房子之内。记者在该处守候两日，一直未见有工人出入，而燕屋的看更则以未能联络屋主为由，拒绝让记者进入。据在工场对面经营小商店的妇人透露，该燕屋每隔一个月才会有大批女工前来工作。由于上一批人刚在一个多星期前离去，并有大货车运走大批燕窝，故相信最快都要三周后，才会再有人到来。首站扑空，记者唯有寻找下一个目标，转往位于市内高级住宅区KUPANG，一间同样声称供货与“楼上”的燕窝加工场。记者乔装买家相约工场陈姓老板会面，到目的地看到是一所看似普通的平房，入屋后却内有乾坤，设有包括生产线、风干房、货仓及写字楼等部分的近万呎秘密工场。
直捣神秘加工场
年约五十岁的陈是印尼华侨，他递上名片时自傲的说：“我在这行十几年经验，香港好多出名的公司，像“ 楼上”燕窝庄都是从我这进货的！你找遍全印尼，都找不到像我这里这么好卖相、价钱这么实惠的燕窝，等等你看完就知道原因的了。”他跟着领着记者巡视生产线，并指着一班女工表示，自己在泗水共设有三间加工场，虽然聘请了超过二百人，但因为燕窝加工工序复杂，每人每日最多只可生产三十只燕盏，每天的总产量亦不足80斤，所以燕盏价格高是可以理解的。步至风干房，陈拿起两盏燕窝盏煞有介事地称：“未加工的燕窝，就好象我左手拿的这盏一样，疏疏落落的一点都不好看，但是经过我们的‘特别’技术，不仅可以像我右手拿着的一样好看，而且担保斤两十足。”他随之又补充说：“我知道印尼有好多不老实的加工场会将鱼胶、树胶抹上去增加燕盏的重量。我们就不会这么做的，全部都是天然的东西，你们大可放心从我这里买货。”他所说的特别加工技术原来是“以燕补燕”，工人会将燕盏剔毛时掉下的燕碎搅成糊状，重新填入燕盏稀疏的位置，再铺上些燕丝，风干后便会造成好看的燕盏。
贱价木薯充上品
陈标榜其加工场手法“老实”，但被问到修补高级燕盏时，是否用到低价燕碎时，是否有证据支持等，他却支吾以对，只含糊的解释说用燕窝修补燕窝，已是很有良心云云。此外，他一直声称其燕盏绝无添加杂质，而记者亦未见有情报所指的粉末，但却在工场内发现数支“SUPER77”。
据老行尊透露：““SUPER77”据说就是所谓的燕碎提炼物，其实行内人都知道他的主要成分是木薯粉！其每瓶批发价只有三十至四十港币，一瓶粉足以填补一百个燕盏，即每盏成本不到0.40元，如果真是有燕碎成分，你说会不会卖这么低的价钱呢？”至于被验出燕盏含有“SUPER77”成分的“盏记 ”，本刊直接联络其总经理吴鸿森，但他一听到此粉末名称便说：“印尼好多加工厂，近年都是用这钟粉末，香港都有行家在不知道的情况下进了这种货。”记者隧向他打探，“盏记”是否也曾遇过被加工厂私下加料瞒骗，他却斩钉截铁说：““盏记”所有印尼货源的加工，都是在雅加达和棉兰的自设厂房进行的！”换言之，在其公司的燕窝上验到“SUPER77”物料，应该是他们本身责任。
两公司愿跟进
吴更向本刊亲自示范如何使用“SUPER77”。他熟练地将瓶内粉末倒入温水，搅至粉末变成一粒粒西米形状，“这个时候可以将它当胶水涂抹到燕窝上面，通常加至一成就要收手，不然容易穿帮！另外将它泡制当冰糖燕窝卖，顾客很难吃的出。”吴像“SUPER77”代言人般解说。直至本周一(二十二日)本刊向他说出抽样化验一事后，吴仍坚称对自己的产品信心十足，并反质疑化验是否准确，表示愿意提供更多样品给本刊再做测试。至于“楼上”燕窝庄的行政部发言人陈小姐表示，会彻查门市所售的燕盏是否混有非燕窝物质一事，但需要时间跟进，故未能即时作出回应。
“欺称”可判监
在燕窝里加添非燕窝物质，其实已经属犯法。律师徐伟奇表示，加入其他物质而令商品重量增加，已可视作“欺秤”，假如加入的杂质被视作燕窝出售，而又没有声明，则可能触犯了《食物及药物(成分组合及标签)条例》。
海关发言人则指出，“欺秤”是牵涉违反《度量衡条例》，罪成可监禁半年及罚款二万元；而违反《食物及药物(成分组合及标签)条例》，最高可判监半年及罚款五万元。
讽刺的是，“楼上”燕窝庄被香港旅游发展局列为”Q唛”优质商户；“盏记”则获选香港十大名牌，两店皆深得消费者信任。旅发局强调，如发现有优质商户并非货真价实地经营，会勒令对方改善，否则将被取消优质商户资格。
http://eat.gd.sina.com.cn/news/2009-04-15/4485865.html”
“Friday, October 16, 2009
为降成本不择手段!香港名牌燕窝造假大揭密(图)
“鱼翅捞饭、燕窝做早餐”向来都是富贵人家的身份象征，但随着印尼养燕技术不断改进，十多年前卖2000多港币一两的上等燕盏，现时千余元都有交易；不过，燕窝变得平民化后，竟也为一些不法商人提供了商机。
以燕窝补身近年已成风气，一些打着直销旗号的专卖店乘势而起，纷纷标榜从印尼直接入货、甚至自设工场降低成本贱价倾销，再加上明星代言和强劲宣传攻势，极速将招牌打造成为“名牌燕窝店”，令愈来愈多消费者以为光顾直销店必定货真价实，无须担心买到假货或被欺秤。
但《东周刊》在多间大型燕窝店抽样化验后，却发现“楼上”及“盏记”的燕盏，竟含有非燕窝成分。
《东周刊》直击印尼的问题燕窝工场，揭开市民真金白银买来鱼目混珠假货的真相！
天然燕盏或多或少都是会混有燕毛及杂质，必须清除才可烹调食用，但除毛后盏身会出现很多缝隙，变得参差不齐，卖相极不讨好，故一般燕窝商都会加工将之修补。
据业内一名专业人士说：“正确的做法应该是绝不添加任何物料，只是将燕盏的疏隙部分自然粘合，但是这样做会令燕盏变形同时外形有些歪，所以不少加工厂今年都兴起用平价燕碎填补缝隙，虽然有些唬弄人，但是勉强可以接受！因为更无良的做法是将非燕窝的物质填上，令燕盏变得饱满而且又增加了重量。而这类物料的共同特征，是有快速锁水功效，能将只有八成干的燕窝表面变得硬且干燥，却又可保住里面的水份重量。以此手法“加料”的燕盏，所含杂质和水份竟可达三成之多。香港燕窝零售市场近年的竞争相当激烈，不少大型连锁店都以铺天盖地式广告，推广买三送一，甚至半价优惠等惊人折扣吸引顾客，令燕窝价格屡创新低。如此割喉式减价，就连传统品牌也有点吃不消，亦因而引起业内人士怀疑。该名老行尊说：“大家都从印尼进货，成本多少心里有数，为什么个个都可以卖到比我们便宜两、三成，还可以做那么多广告？不用讲大家都知道货有问题啦！”
燕盏片片有价，片片加料肯定可以提升市场竞争力。不过，加工过程属商家秘密，业内人士虽然满腹疑团，亦不易取得真凭实据。但有人为揭开疑团，不惜出动商业间谍，渗入对方远在印尼的燕窝加工厂寻找证据。
行家聘间谍踢爆
《东周刊》早前就获得商业间谍搜集得来的机密资料，指“楼上”及“盏记”的货同样有问题。资料还包括两瓶粉末证据，声称分别从两间燕窝加工场内取得，其中一瓶无品牌的纳盐类白色粉末，据透露是来自供货给“楼上”的工场，用作混入燕盏中五种物料中的其中一种；而另一瓶名称“SUPER77”的粉末，则是“盏记”的加料秘方。
为评估指控可信度，本刊进行了抽样测试，先到“楼上”的旺角分店选购了每两售价1350元、名为“龙头天盏”的高级燕窝，再往“盏记”的德福分店，购买了每两价值838元的“大好盏”，另外又从老牌参茸店“东方红”、另一大型连锁店“官燕盏”、以及上环一间批发店抽样，进行两种粉末的核对测试。
本刊将来自五间不同商户的燕窝及两瓶粉末，以不具名方法交予香港汇力实验室，进行指纹图谱核对测试。结果显示，购自“楼上”的龙头天盏，证实含有本刊提交的钠盐粉末，至于“盏记”的大好盏，亦混有“SUPER77”。虽然“SUPER77”的标注说明是燕窝碎的提取物，但实验室发言人指出，其图谱并未显示出含燕窝成分。
测试证实“有料到”
测试结论是：两店燕窝附有相关非燕窝的可能性极高，至于其他样本则证实没有含有该两种粉末。化验结果与机密资料吻合，本刊随即按资料提供的多个地址飞往印尼泗水市，追访专门批发予香港直销店的燕窝加工场里的乾坤。第一个被指供货予“楼上”燕窝庄的问题工场，位于距离市中心约两小时车程的贫民区巴里镇。该处燕屋随街可见，通常楼高不过三层，全屋几近密封，只开出小窗供燕子透气及出入。而目标工场不单位处偏僻，且是该区较为罕见、集燕屋与加工场于同一房子之内。记者在该处守候两日，一直未见有工人出入，而燕屋的看更则以未能联络屋主为由，拒绝让记者进入。据在工场对面经营小商店的妇人透露，该燕屋每隔一个月才会有大批女工前来工作。由于上一批人刚在一个多星期前离去，并有大货车运走大批燕窝，故相信最快都要三周后，才会再有人到来。首站扑空，记者唯有寻找下一个目标，转往位于市内高级住宅区KUPANG，一间同样声称供货与“楼上”的燕窝加工场。记者乔装买家相约工场陈姓老板会面，到目的地看到是一所看似普通的平房，入屋后却内有乾坤，设有包括生产线、风干房、货仓及写字楼等部分的近万呎秘密工场。
直捣神秘加工场
年约五十岁的陈是印尼华侨，他递上名片时自傲的说：“我在这行十几年经验，香港好多出名的公司，像“ 楼上”燕窝庄都是从我这进货的！你找遍全印尼，都找不到像我这里这么好卖相、价钱这么实惠的燕窝，等等你看完就知道原因的了。”他跟着领着记者巡视生产线，并指着一班女工表示，自己在泗水共设有三间加工场，虽然聘请了超过二百人，但因为燕窝加工工序复杂，每人每日最多只可生产三十只燕盏，每天的总产量亦不足80斤，所以燕盏价格高是可以理解的。步至风干房，陈拿起两盏燕窝盏煞有介事地称：“未加工的燕窝，就好象我左手拿的这盏一样，疏疏落落的一点都不好看，但是经过我们的‘特别’技术，不仅可以像我右手拿着的一样好看，而且担保斤两十足。”他随之又补充说：“我知道印尼有好多不老实的加工场会将鱼胶、树胶抹上去增加燕盏的重量。我们就不会这么做的，全部都是天然的东西，你们大可放心从我这里买货。”他所说的特别加工技术原来是“以燕补燕”，工人会将燕盏剔毛时掉下的燕碎搅成糊状，重新填入燕盏稀疏的位置，再铺上些燕丝，风干后便会造成好看的燕盏。
贱价木薯充上品
陈标榜其加工场手法“老实”，但被问到修补高级燕盏时，是否用到低价燕碎时，是否有证据支持等，他却支吾以对，只含糊的解释说用燕窝修补燕窝，已是很有良心云云。此外，他一直声称其燕盏绝无添加杂质，而记者亦未见有情报所指的粉末，但却在工场内发现数支“SUPER77”。
据老行尊透露：““SUPER77”据说就是所谓的燕碎提炼物，其实行内人都知道他的主要成分是木薯粉！其每瓶批发价只有三十至四十港币，一瓶粉足以填补一百个燕盏，即每盏成本不到0.40元，如果真是有燕碎成分，你说会不会卖这么低的价钱呢？”至于被验出燕盏含有“SUPER77”成分的“盏记 ”，本刊直接联络其总经理吴鸿森，但他一听到此粉末名称便说：“印尼好多加工厂，近年都是用这钟粉末，香港都有行家在不知道的情况下进了这种货。”记者隧向他打探，“盏记”是否也曾遇过被加工厂私下加料瞒骗，他却斩钉截铁说：““盏记”所有印尼货源的加工，都是在雅加达和棉兰的自设厂房进行的！”换言之，在其公司的燕窝上验到“SUPER77”物料，应该是他们本身责任。
两公司愿跟进
吴更向本刊亲自示范如何使用“SUPER77”。他熟练地将瓶内粉末倒入温水，搅至粉末变成一粒粒西米形状，“这个时候可以将它当胶水涂抹到燕窝上面，通常加至一成就要收手，不然容易穿帮！另外将它泡制当冰糖燕窝卖，顾客很难吃的出。”吴像“SUPER77”代言人般解说。直至本周一(二十二日)本刊向他说出抽样化验一事后，吴仍坚称对自己的产品信心十足，并反质疑化验是否准确，表示愿意提供更多样品给本刊再做测试。至于“楼上”燕窝庄的行政部发言人陈小姐表示，会彻查门市所售的燕盏是否混有非燕窝物质一事，但需要时间跟进，故未能即时作出回应。
“欺称”可判监
在燕窝里加添非燕窝物质，其实已经属犯法。律师徐伟奇表示，加入其他物质而令商品重量增加，已可视作“欺秤”，假如加入的杂质被视作燕窝出售，而又没有声明，则可能触犯了《食物及药物(成分组合及标签)条例》。
海关发言人则指出，“欺秤”是牵涉违反《度量衡条例》，罪成可监禁半年及罚款二万元；而违反《食物及药物(成分组合及标签)条例》，最高可判监半年及罚款五万元。
讽刺的是，“楼上”燕窝庄被香港旅游发展局列为”Q唛”优质商户；“盏记”则获选香港十大名牌，两店皆深得消费者信任。旅发局强调，如发现有优质商户并非货真价实地经营，会勒令对方改善，否则将被取消优质商户资格。
http://eat.gd.sina.com.cn/news/2009-04-15/4485865.html”
Tuesday 22 September 2009
EBN has been widely used for enhancing immunocompetence
This message contains search results from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). Do not reply directly to this message
Sent on: Sun Sep 13 11:28:35 2009
Select 16581142
PubMed Results
Item 1 of 1
1: Antiviral Res. 2006 Jul;70(3):140-6. Epub 2006 Mar 3. Compound (MeSH Keyword), Substance (MeSH Keyword), LinkOut
Edible bird's nest extract inhibits influenza virus infection.
Guo CT, Takahashi T, Bukawa W, Takahashi N, Yagi H, Kato K, Hidari KI, Miyamoto D, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and COE Program in the 21st century, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is the nest of the swift that is made from its saliva. Although EBN has been widely used for enhancing immunocompetence, its antiviral efficacy has not been studied in detail. We found that EBN extract could strongly inhibit infection with influenza viruses in a host range-independent manner when it was hydrolyzed with Pancreatin F. Western blotting assay showed that the EBN extract bound to influenza virus. Furthermore, EBN extract could neutralize the infection of MDCK cells with influenza viruses and inhibit hemagglutination of influenza viruses to erythrocytes, but it could not inhibit the activity of influenza virus sialidase. Fluorometric HPLC indicated that the major molecular species of sialic acid in EBN is N-acetylneuraminic acid. The results suggest that EBN is a safe and valid natural source for the prevention of influenza viruses.
PMID: 16581142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Sent on: Sun Sep 13 11:28:35 2009
Select 16581142
PubMed Results
Item 1 of 1
1: Antiviral Res. 2006 Jul;70(3):140-6. Epub 2006 Mar 3. Compound (MeSH Keyword), Substance (MeSH Keyword), LinkOut
Edible bird's nest extract inhibits influenza virus infection.
Guo CT, Takahashi T, Bukawa W, Takahashi N, Yagi H, Kato K, Hidari KI, Miyamoto D, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and COE Program in the 21st century, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is the nest of the swift that is made from its saliva. Although EBN has been widely used for enhancing immunocompetence, its antiviral efficacy has not been studied in detail. We found that EBN extract could strongly inhibit infection with influenza viruses in a host range-independent manner when it was hydrolyzed with Pancreatin F. Western blotting assay showed that the EBN extract bound to influenza virus. Furthermore, EBN extract could neutralize the infection of MDCK cells with influenza viruses and inhibit hemagglutination of influenza viruses to erythrocytes, but it could not inhibit the activity of influenza virus sialidase. Fluorometric HPLC indicated that the major molecular species of sialic acid in EBN is N-acetylneuraminic acid. The results suggest that EBN is a safe and valid natural source for the prevention of influenza viruses.
PMID: 16581142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
The expression of sialylated high-antennary N-glycans in edible bird's nest.
Carbohydr Res. 2008 Jun 9; 343(8):1373-7. Epub 2008 Mar 31.
[Carbohydr Res. 2008]
Inhibition of influenza A virus sialidase activity by sulfatide.
FEBS Lett. 2003 Oct 23; 553(3):355-9.
[FEBS Lett. 2003]
Sialidase activity of influenza A virus in an endocytic pathway enhances viral replication.
J Virol. 2005 Sep; 79(18):11705-15.
[J Virol. 2005]
ReviewSialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses.
Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Mar; 28(3):399-408.
[Biol Pharm Bull. 2005]
ReviewProteases essential for human influenza virus entry into cells and their inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
Curr Pharm Des. 2007; 13(4):405-14.
[Curr Pharm Des. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
EBN(edible bird nest) inhibit influenza
Look, another research release by Pubmed,
"Proteases essential for human influenza virus entry into cells and their inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.Kido H, Okumura Y, Yamada H, Le TQ, Yano M.
Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan. kido@ier.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the most common infectious pathogens in humans. Since IVA genome does not have the processing protease for the viral membrane fusion glycoprotein precursors, entry of this virus into cells is determined primarily by host cellular, trypsin-type, processing proteases that proteolytically activate the fusion glycoprotein precursors of IAV. At least five different processing proteases have been identified in the airways of animals and humans. These proteases determine the infectious organ tropism of IAV infection as well as the efficiency of viral multiplication in the airway, and sometimes in the brain. Proteases in the upper respiratory tract are suppressed by secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, and those in the lower respiratory tract are suppressed by pulmonary surfactant which, by adsorption, inhibits the interaction between the proteases and viral membrane proteins. Since protease activities predominate over those of endogenous inhibitory compounds under normal airway conditions, administration of protease inhibitors in the early-stage of infection significantly suppresses viral entry and viral multiplication. Several viral neuraminidase inhibitors are used clinically as anti-influenza virus agents, based on their inhibitory action on viral release from infected cells. Furthermore, protease inhibitors of viral entry could be potentially useful against influenza virus as well as neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant viruses. We also found that ambroxol, a mucolytic and anti-oxidant agent, up-regulates the levels of endogenous protease inhibitory compounds in the airway fluids in early-phase infection, and that clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, increases IgA levels and mucosal immunity through augmentation of interleukin-12 levels in the airway. The combination of neuraminidase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, clarithromycin or ambroxol, could be potentially used as a potent anti-influenza therapy to minimize the emergence of drug-resistant mutant viruses.
PMID: 17311557 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE"
"Proteases essential for human influenza virus entry into cells and their inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.Kido H, Okumura Y, Yamada H, Le TQ, Yano M.
Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan. kido@ier.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the most common infectious pathogens in humans. Since IVA genome does not have the processing protease for the viral membrane fusion glycoprotein precursors, entry of this virus into cells is determined primarily by host cellular, trypsin-type, processing proteases that proteolytically activate the fusion glycoprotein precursors of IAV. At least five different processing proteases have been identified in the airways of animals and humans. These proteases determine the infectious organ tropism of IAV infection as well as the efficiency of viral multiplication in the airway, and sometimes in the brain. Proteases in the upper respiratory tract are suppressed by secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, and those in the lower respiratory tract are suppressed by pulmonary surfactant which, by adsorption, inhibits the interaction between the proteases and viral membrane proteins. Since protease activities predominate over those of endogenous inhibitory compounds under normal airway conditions, administration of protease inhibitors in the early-stage of infection significantly suppresses viral entry and viral multiplication. Several viral neuraminidase inhibitors are used clinically as anti-influenza virus agents, based on their inhibitory action on viral release from infected cells. Furthermore, protease inhibitors of viral entry could be potentially useful against influenza virus as well as neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant viruses. We also found that ambroxol, a mucolytic and anti-oxidant agent, up-regulates the levels of endogenous protease inhibitory compounds in the airway fluids in early-phase infection, and that clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, increases IgA levels and mucosal immunity through augmentation of interleukin-12 levels in the airway. The combination of neuraminidase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, clarithromycin or ambroxol, could be potentially used as a potent anti-influenza therapy to minimize the emergence of drug-resistant mutant viruses.
PMID: 17311557 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE"
Tuesday 8 September 2009
Saturday 5 September 2009
燕窝品质如何鉴定？燕窝行业规范化势在必行
中国时报
“燕窝行业规范化势在必行时间:2009-04-08 12:57来源:第一食品网 作者:佚名 点击:26次
随着人民生活水平的提高，过去皇家贵族享用的“燕窝”，如今却能城市的大街小巷轻易见到。据不完全统计，最近两年里，仅福州地区，悄然出现的燕窝店就不下七十家，并且这个数目还在进一步扩大，显然燕窝在国内已经发展成一个产业。那么如何来保证消费者的权益及燕窝行业良性健康的发展那？业内人士认为，货源渠道也好，是否商检也好，是否真燕窝也罢，一切问题的根源都在于该行业缺乏一个标准。对此，福州大学生物工程学院表示，将与企业合作，共同制定一个较为统一的标准。
监管部门：无标准造成执法困绕
燕窝是金丝燕产蛋时所用的窝巢，因含有较高的营养成分而被人们所青睐。虽然人类食用燕窝的历史很悠久，且在印尼、泰国等地，加工燕窝的企业不在少数。但遗憾的是，至今为止，全球还找不到一个有关燕窝的产品标准。燕窝一直是作为一个具有地域性的“特产”而被当作“农副产品”，而非“加工品”。即使是以燕窝为原料加工制剂、保健品等产品的企业，也只是以一般性食品或饮料的产品为标准。
福州大学生物工程学院的倪莉博士介绍，由于没有标准，商家为了迎合消费者的喜好，极力从外观上进行刻意掺假、造假。通过改变燕窝的形状、颜色，如染色、漂白、沾胶等尽可能将燕窝做得“漂亮”以吸引消费者，而不是从燕窝的内在品质出发来进行优劣等级的划分。
这种状况不仅给消费者造成了困挠，同时，也给各地海关、检验检疫部门、质检部门在执法时造成困难。消费者认为，在选购时无从评判，监管部门也埋怨——“检验时无从依据如何检验？怎样出具让人信服的数据？”。因而，大多数城市的海关、检验检疫部门及质检部门都未将燕窝纳入监管范围。
记者从中心检验所了解到，目前，燕窝的检验都是商家自发送检，检验的项目也是由商家自愿报检，一般只是停留在水分、蛋白质等常规项目的检测上，检测的费用和产品样品都由商家自己承担。“这些数据也只能表明其所含成分，但不能证明这就是真燕窝。”一位负责说。同时，由于没有产品标准，市场抽检也就无从谈起。
由于划归为无标产品，燕窝的整个行业处于缺乏约束的状态中，燕窝成为名副其实的“三无产品”。需要提醒的是，目前有个别商家以持有出入境检验检疫证为依据来宣扬自己的燕窝产品是市场上唯一的真燕窝，这种宣扬是有失偏颇的，会给消费者造成一定的误导。事实上，即使是经过海关检验检疫的燕窝也只能说明其未被疫情传染，而不能证明其产品的真假优劣。商家各种混乱的概念炒作，也只将整个行业置于更加混乱的境地中。
科研部门：欲从原料中找出燕窝共性
福州大学生物工程学院的倪莉博士介绍，目前燕窝行业在全球只有极个别企业执行着自定的企业标准，因此市面上各个商家才会各执一词。只有从燕窝的内在品质中寻找出一个可评判的共性才能真正具有说服力。
倪博士透露，建立这项燕窝标准的思路是，筛选燕窝中的有效成分，建立燕窝的成分数据库，按燕窝的真实功效来给燕窝划分等级。
该学院的刘志彬老师是将燕窝做标准研究的具体负责人，他介绍，目前正在进行燕窝标准的研究。但还处于摸索阶段，距离达到国家标准还有一大段路要走。现在进行成份分析，建立燕窝数据库的阶段。
刘志彬告诉记者，目前除了福大生物工程学院，清华大学和部分医学院也正在进行相关的研究。“目前在进行的国家标准研究，是按保健品的标准，而不是按食品标准来做。因为老百姓吃燕窝，多数认为燕窝营养价值高，吃了对身体好，同时燕窝的售价也很高，不是一般食品的价格。而且目前市面上掺假的燕窝，所加入的明胶、猪皮蛋白等，都符合食品要求，卫生要求，但会影响燕窝的营养成分和食用效果。因此，把燕窝划分到保健品的范畴，制作国家标准才有意义。”
同时，两位专家也表示，燕窝标准的研究尚有许多难题。比如燕窝作为一个“非制造”产品，其品质及营养成分会因产地的不同，燕子所食食物的不同，品种的不同而呈现出不同的特点，如何横向对比个产地燕窝品质和纵向为某一类燕窝划分等级将是学术难题。
商家：欲争标准话语权
由于燕窝行业的标准缺失，给少数以“品质”为追求、并欲在该行业有所为的燕窝商造成了困挠。在燕窝品质上，他们并未因为过多的投入和注重而获得应有的竞争优势。这些燕窝企业深刻意识到：只有掌握了标准的话语权才能真正掌舵行业发展的未来。
在印尼从事燕窝行业近三十年的印尼华桥YANTO先生是印尼燕窝协会的副会长，据他透露，作为最大的燕窝产地，印尼这么多年来也没有制定出一个燕窝标准。他告诉记者，作为行业协会的负责人之一，他与协会成员们曾共同将十几公斤的燕窝寄往美国、日本、马来西亚等数个不同国家去检测，以其从中找出一个共同性。检验结果却令他们吃惊：每份检验报告的数据并不一致。
2008年，印尼华桥YANTO先生经过两年的筹备，在福州开办了第一家“古法手法”原料加工燕窝机构——融道燕窝。行业的不正常竞争再一次勾起其进行行业标准制定的愿望。“燕窝行业标准的制定，主要难题在于技术层面。在经过印尼那一次检测风波后，我们想到要从原料出发，寻找出燕窝的共通点。但单靠我们一家企业还是不行的，我们希望联合几家燕窝商共同来完成这个任务。”
福建天天福燕窝在福建市场上颇有些影响力，在当前市场话语混乱的状况下，该企业受到了不小的影响。该企业的市场部经理朱生友称，为了赢得未来市场。该企业正积极与科研部门配合，希望借助科研手段找出燕窝的共通指标。
“我们不愿意与其它燕窝商打无谓的口水战。没有标准，任何语言都是苍白的，为了企业未来的发展，我们将不惜血本进行标准的研发。”天天福燕窝的负责人称。”For more information about Pure Edible Birdnest,Please visit Pure Birdnest
“燕窝行业规范化势在必行时间:2009-04-08 12:57来源:第一食品网 作者:佚名 点击:26次
随着人民生活水平的提高，过去皇家贵族享用的“燕窝”，如今却能城市的大街小巷轻易见到。据不完全统计，最近两年里，仅福州地区，悄然出现的燕窝店就不下七十家，并且这个数目还在进一步扩大，显然燕窝在国内已经发展成一个产业。那么如何来保证消费者的权益及燕窝行业良性健康的发展那？业内人士认为，货源渠道也好，是否商检也好，是否真燕窝也罢，一切问题的根源都在于该行业缺乏一个标准。对此，福州大学生物工程学院表示，将与企业合作，共同制定一个较为统一的标准。
监管部门：无标准造成执法困绕
燕窝是金丝燕产蛋时所用的窝巢，因含有较高的营养成分而被人们所青睐。虽然人类食用燕窝的历史很悠久，且在印尼、泰国等地，加工燕窝的企业不在少数。但遗憾的是，至今为止，全球还找不到一个有关燕窝的产品标准。燕窝一直是作为一个具有地域性的“特产”而被当作“农副产品”，而非“加工品”。即使是以燕窝为原料加工制剂、保健品等产品的企业，也只是以一般性食品或饮料的产品为标准。
福州大学生物工程学院的倪莉博士介绍，由于没有标准，商家为了迎合消费者的喜好，极力从外观上进行刻意掺假、造假。通过改变燕窝的形状、颜色，如染色、漂白、沾胶等尽可能将燕窝做得“漂亮”以吸引消费者，而不是从燕窝的内在品质出发来进行优劣等级的划分。
这种状况不仅给消费者造成了困挠，同时，也给各地海关、检验检疫部门、质检部门在执法时造成困难。消费者认为，在选购时无从评判，监管部门也埋怨——“检验时无从依据如何检验？怎样出具让人信服的数据？”。因而，大多数城市的海关、检验检疫部门及质检部门都未将燕窝纳入监管范围。
记者从中心检验所了解到，目前，燕窝的检验都是商家自发送检，检验的项目也是由商家自愿报检，一般只是停留在水分、蛋白质等常规项目的检测上，检测的费用和产品样品都由商家自己承担。“这些数据也只能表明其所含成分，但不能证明这就是真燕窝。”一位负责说。同时，由于没有产品标准，市场抽检也就无从谈起。
由于划归为无标产品，燕窝的整个行业处于缺乏约束的状态中，燕窝成为名副其实的“三无产品”。需要提醒的是，目前有个别商家以持有出入境检验检疫证为依据来宣扬自己的燕窝产品是市场上唯一的真燕窝，这种宣扬是有失偏颇的，会给消费者造成一定的误导。事实上，即使是经过海关检验检疫的燕窝也只能说明其未被疫情传染，而不能证明其产品的真假优劣。商家各种混乱的概念炒作，也只将整个行业置于更加混乱的境地中。
科研部门：欲从原料中找出燕窝共性
福州大学生物工程学院的倪莉博士介绍，目前燕窝行业在全球只有极个别企业执行着自定的企业标准，因此市面上各个商家才会各执一词。只有从燕窝的内在品质中寻找出一个可评判的共性才能真正具有说服力。
倪博士透露，建立这项燕窝标准的思路是，筛选燕窝中的有效成分，建立燕窝的成分数据库，按燕窝的真实功效来给燕窝划分等级。
该学院的刘志彬老师是将燕窝做标准研究的具体负责人，他介绍，目前正在进行燕窝标准的研究。但还处于摸索阶段，距离达到国家标准还有一大段路要走。现在进行成份分析，建立燕窝数据库的阶段。
刘志彬告诉记者，目前除了福大生物工程学院，清华大学和部分医学院也正在进行相关的研究。“目前在进行的国家标准研究，是按保健品的标准，而不是按食品标准来做。因为老百姓吃燕窝，多数认为燕窝营养价值高，吃了对身体好，同时燕窝的售价也很高，不是一般食品的价格。而且目前市面上掺假的燕窝，所加入的明胶、猪皮蛋白等，都符合食品要求，卫生要求，但会影响燕窝的营养成分和食用效果。因此，把燕窝划分到保健品的范畴，制作国家标准才有意义。”
同时，两位专家也表示，燕窝标准的研究尚有许多难题。比如燕窝作为一个“非制造”产品，其品质及营养成分会因产地的不同，燕子所食食物的不同，品种的不同而呈现出不同的特点，如何横向对比个产地燕窝品质和纵向为某一类燕窝划分等级将是学术难题。
商家：欲争标准话语权
由于燕窝行业的标准缺失，给少数以“品质”为追求、并欲在该行业有所为的燕窝商造成了困挠。在燕窝品质上，他们并未因为过多的投入和注重而获得应有的竞争优势。这些燕窝企业深刻意识到：只有掌握了标准的话语权才能真正掌舵行业发展的未来。
在印尼从事燕窝行业近三十年的印尼华桥YANTO先生是印尼燕窝协会的副会长，据他透露，作为最大的燕窝产地，印尼这么多年来也没有制定出一个燕窝标准。他告诉记者，作为行业协会的负责人之一，他与协会成员们曾共同将十几公斤的燕窝寄往美国、日本、马来西亚等数个不同国家去检测，以其从中找出一个共同性。检验结果却令他们吃惊：每份检验报告的数据并不一致。
2008年，印尼华桥YANTO先生经过两年的筹备，在福州开办了第一家“古法手法”原料加工燕窝机构——融道燕窝。行业的不正常竞争再一次勾起其进行行业标准制定的愿望。“燕窝行业标准的制定，主要难题在于技术层面。在经过印尼那一次检测风波后，我们想到要从原料出发，寻找出燕窝的共通点。但单靠我们一家企业还是不行的，我们希望联合几家燕窝商共同来完成这个任务。”
福建天天福燕窝在福建市场上颇有些影响力，在当前市场话语混乱的状况下，该企业受到了不小的影响。该企业的市场部经理朱生友称，为了赢得未来市场。该企业正积极与科研部门配合，希望借助科研手段找出燕窝的共通指标。
“我们不愿意与其它燕窝商打无谓的口水战。没有标准，任何语言都是苍白的，为了企业未来的发展，我们将不惜血本进行标准的研发。”天天福燕窝的负责人称。”For more information about Pure Edible Birdnest,Please visit Pure Birdnest
Wednesday 2 September 2009
Are You Looking For Analysis Report on Edible Birdnest?
Dear All,
Are you having need to have analysis report on your edible birdnest?
Do you have need to have your own birdnest processing factory?
Please refer to the information extracted from University.
"Strategic Business Unit : Edible Bird’s Nest
Edible bird’s nest SBU is a combination of research and commercialization opportunity development. We have two principal objectives - one is to combine the experience of scientists and engineers from various disciplines to encourage high-quality, collaborative research, second, to guide and assist the client to find the niche market of products commercial value.
Ebn SBU provides consultation, research and products development in the environment of academics and the industry to promote sustainable and cost effective solutions for products, process and performance.
Focus area
Edible bird’s nest products development and characterization
Swiflet farming technology and registration.
Swiflet farming is a booming business. With swiflet farming, farmers could generate a massive amount of passive income. Swiflets especially Collocalia fusiphaga built their nest and their nests are the most highly priced. In Malaysia, bird’s nest businesses are in the growing phase, this business would be a big contribution to our country’s economic growth. With these high benefits of bird’s nest, we at CEPP provide consultation of swiflets farming facilities, farming technology, bird’s nests house set up and registration of swiflets farming.
Bird’s nest cleaning process
Raw bird’s nests need to be cleaned due to high of contaminants. A good bird’s nest cleaning process is required in producing high quality bird’s nest. Therefore in the market, cleaning process which requires chemical reaction will produce low quality bird’s nests and harmed the consumers. We successfully developed the bird’s nest cleaning process without any usage of toxic chemicals, bleaching agents, preservatives, colorants, or additives used in the cleaning process.
Bird’s nests analysis and certification
In Malaysia, this bird’s nest businesses grow positively but the analysis of the bird’s nest is still few. The non-genuine bird’s nests exist in the market. This problem can be solved by bird’s nest analysis and certification. At CEPP, the analyses provided are protein analysis, moisture analysis, amino acid and sialic acid analysis. The analyses can be used to authentic the bird’s nest.
Development and process design for bird’s nests products.
From raw bird’s nest, the manufacturers have produced lots of bird’s nest based products thanks to the new technologies that we have in Malaysia. But this product development need to expend more and the benefits from the bird’s nests should be manipulated massively. Consumers can gain benefits from the bird’s nest, not only from the bird’s nest itself, but in a different form of bird’s nest. We at CEPP have the ability to develop bird’s nest products to suit your needs. We can consult and lead you the way to enhance your business in bird’s nest products and branding.
Research activities
Current research
Biosatellite projects - Bird’s nest physiochemical profiling and purification process development.
Prime Minister Top down grant - Anti-ageing properties determination of the edible bird’s nest.
List of completed research project
Bird’s nest extraction process
New bird’s nest cleaning process
Development of standard procedure and method for genuine edible bird’s nest identification
Development of standard procedure and method for genuine edible bird’s nest identification
Recovery of bird’s nest by downstream processing method
Protein characterization of bird’s nest
Partial separation and purification of solubilized edible bird’s nest protein by ion exchange chromatography
Formulation of bird’s nest extract into cosmeceutical products
Comparative study of edible bird’s nest, white fungus, jelly, fish swimming bladder and egg white
Publications
C. Y. Chan (2004). Recovery of bird’s nest downstream processing method. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
I. A. W. Tan (2004). Protein Characterization of the Bird’s Nest. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
S. W. Chan (2005). Partial Separation and Purification of Solubalized Edible Bird’s Nest Protein by Ion Exchange Chromatography. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
X. Y. Tay (2005). Formulation of Bird’s Nest Extract into Cosmaceutical Products. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
Y. P. Heng (2005). Comparative Study of Edible Bird’s Nest, White Fungus, Jelly, Fish Swimming Bladder and Egg White through Gel Electrophoresis and HPLC. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
T. H. Lee, T. T. Tan, I. A. W. Tan, M. R. Roji, R. A. Aziz and C. T. Lee. (2005). Preliminary Characterization of Bird’s Nest. Malaysia Science and Technology Congress (MSTC). 18-20 April 2005. Kuala Lumpur: Confederation of the Scientific and Technological Association in Malaysia (COSTAM), 130.
T. H. Lee, T. T. Tan, C. Y. Chan, C. T. Lee, R. A. Aziz and M. R. Roji. (2005). Preliminary Study of Bird’s Nest Recovery Process. Malaysia Science and Technology Congress (MSTC). 18-20 April 2005. Kuala Lumpur. Confederation of the Scientific and Technological Association in Malaysia (COSTAM), 131.
E. T. T. Tan, T. H. Lee, M. R. Sarmidi, R. A. Aziz and C. T. Lee. (2006). Morphological and Proximate Studies of Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN). Asian pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering (11th APPCChE Congress). 27-30 August 2006. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Institution of Engineering, Malaysia.
E. T. T. Tan (2007). Physiochemical and Biochemical Properties of Edible Bird’s Nest. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. M. Eng. Thesis.
Media publication:
Malaysia Inventions Innovation, 23 Mei 2003, TV 2
New Straits Times, 18 April 2004 – Carte Blanch
Berita Harian, 22 April 2004 – Kaedah Terbaru Uji Tahap Penceluran Hanya 5 Minit.
China Pres, 18 April 2005 – Genuine Bird’s Nest
China Press, 7 June 2005
Awards
Saintis cemerlang 2004 awarded to Mr. Lee Ting Hun by Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia.
Bronze medal in S&T Expo 2004 for Bird’s Nest Extraction Process.
Bronze medal in R&D Expo IPTA 2005 for Bird’s Nest Extraction Process.
Silver medal in ITEX 2003 in Development of Blanching Diagnostic Kit or Detection Instrument for Vegetables and Fruits.
Gold Medal in 32nd International Exhibition of Inventions, New Techniques and Products, Geneva, 2004 in Development of Blanching Diagnostic Kit or Detection Instrument for Vegetables and Fruits.
Bronze medal in R&D Expo IPTA 2005 in Development of Blanching Diagnostic Kit or Detection Instrument for Vegetables and Fruits. "
Are you having need to have analysis report on your edible birdnest?
Do you have need to have your own birdnest processing factory?
Please refer to the information extracted from University.
"Strategic Business Unit : Edible Bird’s Nest
Edible bird’s nest SBU is a combination of research and commercialization opportunity development. We have two principal objectives - one is to combine the experience of scientists and engineers from various disciplines to encourage high-quality, collaborative research, second, to guide and assist the client to find the niche market of products commercial value.
Ebn SBU provides consultation, research and products development in the environment of academics and the industry to promote sustainable and cost effective solutions for products, process and performance.
Focus area
Edible bird’s nest products development and characterization
Swiflet farming technology and registration.
Swiflet farming is a booming business. With swiflet farming, farmers could generate a massive amount of passive income. Swiflets especially Collocalia fusiphaga built their nest and their nests are the most highly priced. In Malaysia, bird’s nest businesses are in the growing phase, this business would be a big contribution to our country’s economic growth. With these high benefits of bird’s nest, we at CEPP provide consultation of swiflets farming facilities, farming technology, bird’s nests house set up and registration of swiflets farming.
Bird’s nest cleaning process
Raw bird’s nests need to be cleaned due to high of contaminants. A good bird’s nest cleaning process is required in producing high quality bird’s nest. Therefore in the market, cleaning process which requires chemical reaction will produce low quality bird’s nests and harmed the consumers. We successfully developed the bird’s nest cleaning process without any usage of toxic chemicals, bleaching agents, preservatives, colorants, or additives used in the cleaning process.
Bird’s nests analysis and certification
In Malaysia, this bird’s nest businesses grow positively but the analysis of the bird’s nest is still few. The non-genuine bird’s nests exist in the market. This problem can be solved by bird’s nest analysis and certification. At CEPP, the analyses provided are protein analysis, moisture analysis, amino acid and sialic acid analysis. The analyses can be used to authentic the bird’s nest.
Development and process design for bird’s nests products.
From raw bird’s nest, the manufacturers have produced lots of bird’s nest based products thanks to the new technologies that we have in Malaysia. But this product development need to expend more and the benefits from the bird’s nests should be manipulated massively. Consumers can gain benefits from the bird’s nest, not only from the bird’s nest itself, but in a different form of bird’s nest. We at CEPP have the ability to develop bird’s nest products to suit your needs. We can consult and lead you the way to enhance your business in bird’s nest products and branding.
Research activities
Current research
Biosatellite projects - Bird’s nest physiochemical profiling and purification process development.
Prime Minister Top down grant - Anti-ageing properties determination of the edible bird’s nest.
List of completed research project
Bird’s nest extraction process
New bird’s nest cleaning process
Development of standard procedure and method for genuine edible bird’s nest identification
Development of standard procedure and method for genuine edible bird’s nest identification
Recovery of bird’s nest by downstream processing method
Protein characterization of bird’s nest
Partial separation and purification of solubilized edible bird’s nest protein by ion exchange chromatography
Formulation of bird’s nest extract into cosmeceutical products
Comparative study of edible bird’s nest, white fungus, jelly, fish swimming bladder and egg white
Publications
C. Y. Chan (2004). Recovery of bird’s nest downstream processing method. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
I. A. W. Tan (2004). Protein Characterization of the Bird’s Nest. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
S. W. Chan (2005). Partial Separation and Purification of Solubalized Edible Bird’s Nest Protein by Ion Exchange Chromatography. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
X. Y. Tay (2005). Formulation of Bird’s Nest Extract into Cosmaceutical Products. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
Y. P. Heng (2005). Comparative Study of Edible Bird’s Nest, White Fungus, Jelly, Fish Swimming Bladder and Egg White through Gel Electrophoresis and HPLC. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: B. Eng. Thesis.
T. H. Lee, T. T. Tan, I. A. W. Tan, M. R. Roji, R. A. Aziz and C. T. Lee. (2005). Preliminary Characterization of Bird’s Nest. Malaysia Science and Technology Congress (MSTC). 18-20 April 2005. Kuala Lumpur: Confederation of the Scientific and Technological Association in Malaysia (COSTAM), 130.
T. H. Lee, T. T. Tan, C. Y. Chan, C. T. Lee, R. A. Aziz and M. R. Roji. (2005). Preliminary Study of Bird’s Nest Recovery Process. Malaysia Science and Technology Congress (MSTC). 18-20 April 2005. Kuala Lumpur. Confederation of the Scientific and Technological Association in Malaysia (COSTAM), 131.
E. T. T. Tan, T. H. Lee, M. R. Sarmidi, R. A. Aziz and C. T. Lee. (2006). Morphological and Proximate Studies of Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN). Asian pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering (11th APPCChE Congress). 27-30 August 2006. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Institution of Engineering, Malaysia.
E. T. T. Tan (2007). Physiochemical and Biochemical Properties of Edible Bird’s Nest. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. M. Eng. Thesis.
Media publication:
Malaysia Inventions Innovation, 23 Mei 2003, TV 2
New Straits Times, 18 April 2004 – Carte Blanch
Berita Harian, 22 April 2004 – Kaedah Terbaru Uji Tahap Penceluran Hanya 5 Minit.
China Pres, 18 April 2005 – Genuine Bird’s Nest
China Press, 7 June 2005
Awards
Saintis cemerlang 2004 awarded to Mr. Lee Ting Hun by Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia.
Bronze medal in S&T Expo 2004 for Bird’s Nest Extraction Process.
Bronze medal in R&D Expo IPTA 2005 for Bird’s Nest Extraction Process.
Silver medal in ITEX 2003 in Development of Blanching Diagnostic Kit or Detection Instrument for Vegetables and Fruits.
Gold Medal in 32nd International Exhibition of Inventions, New Techniques and Products, Geneva, 2004 in Development of Blanching Diagnostic Kit or Detection Instrument for Vegetables and Fruits.
Bronze medal in R&D Expo IPTA 2005 in Development of Blanching Diagnostic Kit or Detection Instrument for Vegetables and Fruits. "
Saturday 8 August 2009
What tests are necessary for pure bird's nest?
Dear All,
For those who wanted to export bird nests, the first thing is to get VHM certification by DVS (health certificate).
Malaysia Veterinary Laboratory (Makmal Veterinar Kawasan) situated at:
1. MVK Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
2. MVK Bukit Tengah, Pulau Pinang.
3. MVK Kota Bahru, Kelantan
4. MVK Johor Bahru,Johor
5. MVK Kuantan, Pahang
6. MVK Ipoh, Perak.
7. MVK Kuching, Sarawak
8. MVK TG Aru,Sabah
Procedures are as follows:-
1. Submit 25 gram of pure bird nest
2. Put sample into clean and dry plastic bag
3. Complete Form MVK/KAV 01
What to test for:-
1. ND/AI
2. Total Plate Count
3. Coliform Count
4. E coli Count
5. Salmonella sp
6. Staph.aureus
Further to that,samples should undergo the following tests:-
Parameter
1. Total Calories
2. Total Fat
3. Carbohydrate
4. Fibre
5. Protein
6. Aerobic Plate Count
7. Yeast and Molds
8. Mercury
9. Lead
10. Arsenic
11. Residual Chlorine
12. Boric Acids
13. Residue of Hydrogen Peroxide
14. Sulphur Dioxide
15. Potassium Sulphite
16. Ferrous, Ferric residues.
17. Moisture content should be less than 10%
Exporters need to register with MITI/MIDA,obtained Certificate of Country of Origin,using Custom Act by filling Form E,and VHM certificate. Good Luck!
A Complete sampling test certificate can be found at www.yongkangbirdnest.com or www.qqbirdnest.com
For those who wanted to export bird nests, the first thing is to get VHM certification by DVS (health certificate).
Malaysia Veterinary Laboratory (Makmal Veterinar Kawasan) situated at:
1. MVK Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
2. MVK Bukit Tengah, Pulau Pinang.
3. MVK Kota Bahru, Kelantan
4. MVK Johor Bahru,Johor
5. MVK Kuantan, Pahang
6. MVK Ipoh, Perak.
7. MVK Kuching, Sarawak
8. MVK TG Aru,Sabah
Procedures are as follows:-
1. Submit 25 gram of pure bird nest
2. Put sample into clean and dry plastic bag
3. Complete Form MVK/KAV 01
What to test for:-
1. ND/AI
2. Total Plate Count
3. Coliform Count
4. E coli Count
5. Salmonella sp
6. Staph.aureus
Further to that,samples should undergo the following tests:-
Parameter
1. Total Calories
2. Total Fat
3. Carbohydrate
4. Fibre
5. Protein
6. Aerobic Plate Count
7. Yeast and Molds
8. Mercury
9. Lead
10. Arsenic
11. Residual Chlorine
12. Boric Acids
13. Residue of Hydrogen Peroxide
14. Sulphur Dioxide
15. Potassium Sulphite
16. Ferrous, Ferric residues.
17. Moisture content should be less than 10%
Exporters need to register with MITI/MIDA,obtained Certificate of Country of Origin,using Custom Act by filling Form E,and VHM certificate. Good Luck!
A Complete sampling test certificate can be found at www.yongkangbirdnest.com or www.qqbirdnest.com
Saturday 13 June 2009
燕窝有副作用吗？
从网上得到一些资料供参考：
“
经常食用燕窝是否有副作用呢
悬赏分：10 - 解决时间：2006-8-2 15:09
经常食用燕窝是否有副作用呢,尤其是对经期,是否有影响?
提问者： 雀跃的鱼 - 试用期 一级 最佳答案
燕窝的主要成份是活性蛋白质和矿物质。经期由于血液流失，食用燕窝补充蛋白质等营养成份是适合的。中医认为燕窝性平味甘，“补而能清”、“清肃下行”，有滋阴润燥，益气养阴的功效。环保清洁的燕窝没有任何副作用，请放心食用。
如果在百度搜索“经期 燕窝”，很容易看到网友草草的“燕窝狂赞”，她写道：说到燕窝，效果真不是盖的。草草亲身见证了它的神奇功效。以前，草草的大姨妈一般会来7－8天，有时候甚至会更久，间或还会有点崩漏，中医说是气血两虚。一直都是这样，很烦，到是也没在意。直到有一次，草草来大姨妈的第五天晚上无意吃了一碗燕窝。第二天，大姨妈竟然就慢慢的没有拉。接下来的一个月没有吃，又是老样子，于是，第三个月，第五天的时候，偶又吃了一点燕窝，第二天慢慢没有了，真是神奇啊。此后，草草坚持吃了一段时间，不仅崩漏没有了，经期也缩短到6天，困扰多年的问题就这么解决了。至于燕窝对皮肤的好处，不用说，身体好（特别是妇科方面），皮肤哪有会不好。
搜狐女人频道准妈妈论坛网友erjia说“我已经吃了3个月,效果是慢慢体现出来的.以前例假都会痛,而且时间比较长.最近两次要好很多,疼痛减轻了,最重要的是走的很干净,让我很开心!皮肤是比以前好了,斑点有些淡化.反正例假是轻松多了哦,呵呵!”
《红楼梦》第五十五回写王熙凤“禀赋气血不足，兼年幼不知保养，心力更亏，复添了下红之症”时，就“只吃燕窝粥，两碟子精致小菜”。所以食用燕窝对月经周期会不会产生任何负面影响，对经期不调的年轻女性，或表虚多汗的更年期妇女，宜常食之。
燕窝脂肪含量（0.35）最低，是银耳（1.4）的1/4、豆腐（4.8）的1/14、鸡蛋（6.4）的1/18；但燕窝的必需氨基酸总和（18.64）最高，是银耳（2.22）的8.3倍、豆腐（3.47）的5.4倍、鸡蛋（4.61）的4倍。必需氨基酸必须从食物中获得，人体不能合成。根据实验室对燕窝的初步鉴定，大多数研究者都已经认可纯燕窝主要包含水溶性蛋白质、脂肪、8种必需氨基酸以及钠、碘等元素物质。和鸡蛋、豆腐以及银耳比较起来，燕窝所含的蛋白质、8种必需氨基酸以及其他元素的含量确实都要高出不少。图例中银耳的必需氨基酸总和中只包括6种，因为银耳缺乏异亮氨酸和亮氨酸两种。
白燕和血燕中的营养成份平均含量
营养成份 白燕 血燕
水分(%) 9.25 8.67
粗灰分(%) 8.22 11.43
粗蛋白质(%) 58.62 56.34
总醣(%) 24.62 22.75
热量(千卡/100克) 440 404
蛋白质的生理功能：1. 构成和修补人体组织2.构成酶和激素的成分3.构成抗体免受细菌和病毒侵害4.调节渗透压5.供给能量
白燕和血燕中的氨基酸平均含量(%)
氨基酸种类 白燕 血燕
天门冬氨酸 5.33 4.94
苏氨酸 4.22 4.10
丝氨酸 3.53 3.64
谷氨酸 4.28 3.71
甘氨酸 2.12 1.97
丙氨酸 1.61 1.45
结氨酸 4.00 3.75
蛋氨酸 0.32 0.28
共亮氨酸 2.55 2.86
亮氨酸 5.00 5.12
酪氨酸 4.12 3.82
苯丙氨酸 3.79 3.47
赖氨酸 1.92 1.74
组氨酸 1.82 1.96
精氨酸 3.62 3.40
脯氨酸 4.54 4.27
色氨酸 0.84 0.77
胱氨酸 1.59 1.45
总和 56.61 54.36
氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位，必需氨基酸必须从食物中获得，赖氨酸、酪氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸是必需氨基酸。赖氨酸合成部份能促使细胞内脂肪酸合成；酪氨酸在人体内可转化为肾上腺髓质分泌的去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素；蛋氨酸构成的硫是形成辅酶A和牛磺酸所必不可少的；亮氨酸是支链氨基酸，对于手术、创伤等应激状态下肌肉蛋白质的合成和分解具有特殊重要意义，已在外科和运动营养中影起充分关注。
组氨酸对婴幼儿是必须从食物中获得、不能合成的，形成的组氨有很强的舒张血管作用，并可抑制多种变态反应及炎症。
丙氨酸、谷氨酸、结氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、胱氨酸可以在人体中合成。谷氨酸是与神经系统功能有关的化合物。
氨基酸（燕窝中含有的氨基酸部份）每天需要量值（mg/kg 重量/日）
-- 1983 FAO/WHO 世界卫生组织标准
婴儿 2岁幼儿 10-12岁儿童 成人
亮氨酸 161 73 45 14
赖氨酸 103 64 60 12
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 58 27 27 13
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 125 69 27 14
苏氨酸 87 37 35 7
色氨酸 17 12.5 4 3.5
白燕和血燕中的各种元素平均含量
元素 白燕 血燕
钠(%) 1.38 1.43
钙(%) 0.71 1.86
镁(%) 0.18 0.24
磷(%) 0.01 0.03
钾(ppm) 208 297
铜(ppm) 8.3 8.9
锌(ppm) 38 25
铁(ppm) 114 47
矿物质的生理功能：1.构成机体组织、细胞内外液的重要组成部份2.其缓冲作用可维护机体的酸碱平衡3.组织液中的无机离子保持一定比例是维持神经和肌肉兴奋性、细胞膜通透性及细胞正常功能的必要条件4.是构成某些特殊功能物质的重要组成部份
最早东南亚有大批到山洞采摘燕窝的人，不仅人身极其危险，被他们采摘之后，大自然也被洗劫一空。如今泰国若干小岛的悬崖上，许多腐朽的竹梯通往一度盛产燕窝的洞穴。如今这些洞穴已废弃，鸟儿也不知去向。
随着保护自然的呼声日益高涨，印尼华人发明的燕屋应运而生。这些燕屋的结构与普通屋没有分别，但养燕子并非养鸟，它仍是野生的，靠自己觅食，屋子只不过是用来吸引燕子聚居，好让燕子能把窝筑在燕屋里，又有大量的燕窝收积。巢工厂燕屋内的燕窝，须待小燕子18-24天孵化、45天会飞后，才会被采摘。金丝燕返屋另筑新巢，代代相传、生生不息。《中国国家地理》春节特辑指出：“一些曾经是鸟语天堂的燕洞如今已成为金丝燕的噩梦之地。多建燕屋是保护洞燕的一大措施。”滥采滥伐的洞燕黑手和引燕入屋、野生觅食、科学管理、爱燕如命、弃巢始采的屋燕形成鲜明的对比。屋燕比恶劣环境下的洞燕要清洁饱满，细腻润滑，营养价值绝不会低于洞燕，不仅男女老幼四季皆宜，连素食者也可放心进补。
参考资料：全球最大燕窝门户 www.nestworks.net
0回答者： 燕窝之父 - 魔法师 四级 2006-7-31 20:17”"请参考纯正燕窝 www.yongkangbirdnest.com".
“
经常食用燕窝是否有副作用呢
悬赏分：10 - 解决时间：2006-8-2 15:09
经常食用燕窝是否有副作用呢,尤其是对经期,是否有影响?
提问者： 雀跃的鱼 - 试用期 一级 最佳答案
燕窝的主要成份是活性蛋白质和矿物质。经期由于血液流失，食用燕窝补充蛋白质等营养成份是适合的。中医认为燕窝性平味甘，“补而能清”、“清肃下行”，有滋阴润燥，益气养阴的功效。环保清洁的燕窝没有任何副作用，请放心食用。
如果在百度搜索“经期 燕窝”，很容易看到网友草草的“燕窝狂赞”，她写道：说到燕窝，效果真不是盖的。草草亲身见证了它的神奇功效。以前，草草的大姨妈一般会来7－8天，有时候甚至会更久，间或还会有点崩漏，中医说是气血两虚。一直都是这样，很烦，到是也没在意。直到有一次，草草来大姨妈的第五天晚上无意吃了一碗燕窝。第二天，大姨妈竟然就慢慢的没有拉。接下来的一个月没有吃，又是老样子，于是，第三个月，第五天的时候，偶又吃了一点燕窝，第二天慢慢没有了，真是神奇啊。此后，草草坚持吃了一段时间，不仅崩漏没有了，经期也缩短到6天，困扰多年的问题就这么解决了。至于燕窝对皮肤的好处，不用说，身体好（特别是妇科方面），皮肤哪有会不好。
搜狐女人频道准妈妈论坛网友erjia说“我已经吃了3个月,效果是慢慢体现出来的.以前例假都会痛,而且时间比较长.最近两次要好很多,疼痛减轻了,最重要的是走的很干净,让我很开心!皮肤是比以前好了,斑点有些淡化.反正例假是轻松多了哦,呵呵!”
《红楼梦》第五十五回写王熙凤“禀赋气血不足，兼年幼不知保养，心力更亏，复添了下红之症”时，就“只吃燕窝粥，两碟子精致小菜”。所以食用燕窝对月经周期会不会产生任何负面影响，对经期不调的年轻女性，或表虚多汗的更年期妇女，宜常食之。
燕窝脂肪含量（0.35）最低，是银耳（1.4）的1/4、豆腐（4.8）的1/14、鸡蛋（6.4）的1/18；但燕窝的必需氨基酸总和（18.64）最高，是银耳（2.22）的8.3倍、豆腐（3.47）的5.4倍、鸡蛋（4.61）的4倍。必需氨基酸必须从食物中获得，人体不能合成。根据实验室对燕窝的初步鉴定，大多数研究者都已经认可纯燕窝主要包含水溶性蛋白质、脂肪、8种必需氨基酸以及钠、碘等元素物质。和鸡蛋、豆腐以及银耳比较起来，燕窝所含的蛋白质、8种必需氨基酸以及其他元素的含量确实都要高出不少。图例中银耳的必需氨基酸总和中只包括6种，因为银耳缺乏异亮氨酸和亮氨酸两种。
白燕和血燕中的营养成份平均含量
营养成份 白燕 血燕
水分(%) 9.25 8.67
粗灰分(%) 8.22 11.43
粗蛋白质(%) 58.62 56.34
总醣(%) 24.62 22.75
热量(千卡/100克) 440 404
蛋白质的生理功能：1. 构成和修补人体组织2.构成酶和激素的成分3.构成抗体免受细菌和病毒侵害4.调节渗透压5.供给能量
白燕和血燕中的氨基酸平均含量(%)
氨基酸种类 白燕 血燕
天门冬氨酸 5.33 4.94
苏氨酸 4.22 4.10
丝氨酸 3.53 3.64
谷氨酸 4.28 3.71
甘氨酸 2.12 1.97
丙氨酸 1.61 1.45
结氨酸 4.00 3.75
蛋氨酸 0.32 0.28
共亮氨酸 2.55 2.86
亮氨酸 5.00 5.12
酪氨酸 4.12 3.82
苯丙氨酸 3.79 3.47
赖氨酸 1.92 1.74
组氨酸 1.82 1.96
精氨酸 3.62 3.40
脯氨酸 4.54 4.27
色氨酸 0.84 0.77
胱氨酸 1.59 1.45
总和 56.61 54.36
氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位，必需氨基酸必须从食物中获得，赖氨酸、酪氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸是必需氨基酸。赖氨酸合成部份能促使细胞内脂肪酸合成；酪氨酸在人体内可转化为肾上腺髓质分泌的去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素；蛋氨酸构成的硫是形成辅酶A和牛磺酸所必不可少的；亮氨酸是支链氨基酸，对于手术、创伤等应激状态下肌肉蛋白质的合成和分解具有特殊重要意义，已在外科和运动营养中影起充分关注。
组氨酸对婴幼儿是必须从食物中获得、不能合成的，形成的组氨有很强的舒张血管作用，并可抑制多种变态反应及炎症。
丙氨酸、谷氨酸、结氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、胱氨酸可以在人体中合成。谷氨酸是与神经系统功能有关的化合物。
氨基酸（燕窝中含有的氨基酸部份）每天需要量值（mg/kg 重量/日）
-- 1983 FAO/WHO 世界卫生组织标准
婴儿 2岁幼儿 10-12岁儿童 成人
亮氨酸 161 73 45 14
赖氨酸 103 64 60 12
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 58 27 27 13
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 125 69 27 14
苏氨酸 87 37 35 7
色氨酸 17 12.5 4 3.5
白燕和血燕中的各种元素平均含量
元素 白燕 血燕
钠(%) 1.38 1.43
钙(%) 0.71 1.86
镁(%) 0.18 0.24
磷(%) 0.01 0.03
钾(ppm) 208 297
铜(ppm) 8.3 8.9
锌(ppm) 38 25
铁(ppm) 114 47
矿物质的生理功能：1.构成机体组织、细胞内外液的重要组成部份2.其缓冲作用可维护机体的酸碱平衡3.组织液中的无机离子保持一定比例是维持神经和肌肉兴奋性、细胞膜通透性及细胞正常功能的必要条件4.是构成某些特殊功能物质的重要组成部份
最早东南亚有大批到山洞采摘燕窝的人，不仅人身极其危险，被他们采摘之后，大自然也被洗劫一空。如今泰国若干小岛的悬崖上，许多腐朽的竹梯通往一度盛产燕窝的洞穴。如今这些洞穴已废弃，鸟儿也不知去向。
随着保护自然的呼声日益高涨，印尼华人发明的燕屋应运而生。这些燕屋的结构与普通屋没有分别，但养燕子并非养鸟，它仍是野生的，靠自己觅食，屋子只不过是用来吸引燕子聚居，好让燕子能把窝筑在燕屋里，又有大量的燕窝收积。巢工厂燕屋内的燕窝，须待小燕子18-24天孵化、45天会飞后，才会被采摘。金丝燕返屋另筑新巢，代代相传、生生不息。《中国国家地理》春节特辑指出：“一些曾经是鸟语天堂的燕洞如今已成为金丝燕的噩梦之地。多建燕屋是保护洞燕的一大措施。”滥采滥伐的洞燕黑手和引燕入屋、野生觅食、科学管理、爱燕如命、弃巢始采的屋燕形成鲜明的对比。屋燕比恶劣环境下的洞燕要清洁饱满，细腻润滑，营养价值绝不会低于洞燕，不仅男女老幼四季皆宜，连素食者也可放心进补。
参考资料：全球最大燕窝门户 www.nestworks.net
0回答者： 燕窝之父 - 魔法师 四级 2006-7-31 20:17”"请参考纯正燕窝 www.yongkangbirdnest.com".
Friday 12 June 2009
Mesyuarat Industri Walit
Khabar Baik!
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar akan menanjurkan bengkel industri sarang burung walit pada 14th hinggga 17th Jun di Seremban.
Antara tajuk-tajuk yang dibincang ialah
1.harmonizing rules,regulations and guidelines governing the walit industry
2.Challenges and Opportunities in walit industry
3.Positioning Malaysia as a major producer in World Market
4.Mengenalpasti keperluan R & D
5.one stop agency
SIRIM also going to have :standadization of the field of edible-nest swiflets ranching"on 18th Jun 2009
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar akan menanjurkan bengkel industri sarang burung walit pada 14th hinggga 17th Jun di Seremban.
Antara tajuk-tajuk yang dibincang ialah
1.harmonizing rules,regulations and guidelines governing the walit industry
2.Challenges and Opportunities in walit industry
3.Positioning Malaysia as a major producer in World Market
4.Mengenalpasti keperluan R & D
5.one stop agency
SIRIM also going to have :standadization of the field of edible-nest swiflets ranching"on 18th Jun 2009
Tuesday 26 May 2009
Aerodramus bartschi
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARIANA SWIFTLET
James D. Reichel1,†, Charles T. Collins2,4, Derek W. Stinson1,3, and Vicente A. Camacho1
1011 Division of Fish and Wildlife, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, Mariana Islands, 96950
1022 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
1033 Current address: Wildlife Program, Endangered Species Section, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501, USA
1044 Corresponding author; ccollins@csulb.edu
Abstract
The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on Saipan lays a single white egg which is incubated for 22.95 days (range 17–30 days). Newly hatched nestlings are naked and weigh 1.11 g (range 1.0– 1.2 g). Nestlings grow slowly, reaching asymptotic weight on day 29 and fledging after 46.8 days (range 40– 55 days). Post-asymptotic weight recession is ±2% and nestlings fledge at slightly above adult weight of 8.01 g. Wing and tail length are >94% of adult size at fledging. Low clutch size, slow chick growth, and extended nestling period are characteristic of other species of swiftlets and may represent food limitation in these diminutive aerial insectivores.
Received: September 25, 2006; Accepted: February 24, 2007
James D. Reichel1,†, Charles T. Collins2,4, Derek W. Stinson1,3, and Vicente A. Camacho1
1011 Division of Fish and Wildlife, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, Mariana Islands, 96950
1022 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
1033 Current address: Wildlife Program, Endangered Species Section, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501, USA
1044 Corresponding author; ccollins@csulb.edu
Abstract
The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on Saipan lays a single white egg which is incubated for 22.95 days (range 17–30 days). Newly hatched nestlings are naked and weigh 1.11 g (range 1.0– 1.2 g). Nestlings grow slowly, reaching asymptotic weight on day 29 and fledging after 46.8 days (range 40– 55 days). Post-asymptotic weight recession is ±2% and nestlings fledge at slightly above adult weight of 8.01 g. Wing and tail length are >94% of adult size at fledging. Low clutch size, slow chick growth, and extended nestling period are characteristic of other species of swiftlets and may represent food limitation in these diminutive aerial insectivores.
Received: September 25, 2006; Accepted: February 24, 2007
genetic homogeneity of swiflet
Print ISSN: 0289-0003
Current: May 2009 : Volume 26 Issue 5
BioOne Member Since: 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Impact Factor: 1.125
ISI Journal Citation Reports® Rankings:
50/124 - Zoology
Zoological Science 25(4):372-380. 2008
doi: 10.2108/zsj.25.372
Genetic Homogeneity Among Colonies of the White-Nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) in Thailand
Anchalee Aowphol1,2, Harold Knight Voris3, Kevin Andrew Feldheim4, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn2, and Kumthorn Thirakhupt1,2,*
1Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
4Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
* Corresponding author. Phone: +66-2-2185259; Fax : +66-2-2185260; E-mail: kumthorn.t@chula.ac.th
Abstract
The white-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus, originally lived in large colonies in natural caves, but now it also occurs in man-made buildings. We investigated the patterns of genetic differentiation in two mitochondrial DNA genes (cyt-b and ND2) and eight microsatellite loci among and within colonies of A. fuciphagus from across recently established man-made colonies in Thailand. Ten white-nest swiftlet colonies were sampled along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea in Thailand during 2003–2006. The genetic diversity of mtDNA was very low, and few significant ΦST values were found between pairs of colonies. Analyses of haplotype relationships did not show genetic structure across the sampled distribution. The level of genetic diversity for microsatellite loci was high, but FST values were not significant. However, due to small sample sizes for some colonies that could limit conclusions on genetic differentiation from ΦST and FST, we also analyzed the microsatellite data using STRUCTURE and found that number of subpopulations of white-nest swiftlets in sampled colonies was one. The lack of genetic differentiation among swiftlet house colonies could be a result of high gene flow between colonies and large population sizes. Our results suggest that A. fuciphagus living in recently established man-made colonies in Thailand should be considered members of a single panmictic population. Future work will be necessary to determine whether this panmixia is stable or a temporary result of the recent explosive expansion of the number of colonies, and comparisons to natural colonies may provide an understanding of mechanisms producing the lack of genetic structure in swiftlet house colonies.
Received: December 12, 2007; Accepted: January 10, 2008
Keywords: Aerodramus fuciphagus, white-nest swiftlet, genetic homogeneity, genetic structure, micro-satellites
REFERENCES
Avise, J. C. 2004. Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. 2nd edSinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Barton, N. H. and M. Slatkin. 1986. A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population. Heredity 56:409–415. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Bull, J. J., J. P. Huelsenbeck, C. W. Cunningham, D. L. Swofford, and P. J. Waddell. 1993. Partition and combining data in phylogenetic analysis. Syst Biol 42:384–397. CrossRef
Burg, T. M. and J. P. Croxall. 2001. Global relationship amongst black-browed and grey headed albatrosses: analysis of population structure using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites. Mol Ecol 10:2647–2660. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Carlsson, J., J. R. McDowell, P. Díaz-Jaimes, J. E. L. Carlsson, S. B. Boles, J. R. Gold, and J. E. Graves. 2004. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus) population structure in the Mediterranean Sea. Mol Ecol 13:3345–3356. CrossRef, Medline
Chantler, P. and G. Driessens. 2000. Swifts: A Guide to the Swifts and Treeswifts of the World. 2nd edPica Press. East Sussex.
Clements, R., N. S. Sodhi, M. Schilthuizen, and P. K. Ng. 2006. Limestone katsts of Southeast Asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity. BioScience 56:733–742. CrossRef
Coltman, D. W., G. Stenson, M. O. Hammill, T. Haug, C. S. Davis, and T. L. Fulton. 2007. Panmictic population structure in the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Mol Ecol 16:1639–1648. CrossRef, Medline
Cunningham, C. W. 1997. Can three incongruence test predict when data should be combined? Mol Biol Evol 147:733–740.
Davis, L. A., E. H. Roalson, K. L. Cornell, K. D. McClanahan, and M. S. Webster. 2006. Genetic divergence and migration patterns in a North American Passerine bird: implications for evolution and conservation. Mol Ecol 15:2141–2152. CrossRef, Medline
Dobson, F. S. 1982. Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. Anim Behav 30:1183–1192. CrossRef, CSA
Excoffier, L., G. Laval, and S. Schneider. 2005. Arlequin version 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online 1:47–50.
Feldheim, K. A., M. L. McFarlane, and R. C. K. Bowie. 2006. Isolation of highly polymorphic autosomal microsatellite loci and a sex-linked locus from sugarbirds. Mol Ecol Notes 6:1019–1021. CrossRef
Fu, Y. X. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutation against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147:915–925. Medline, CSA
Glenn, T. C. and N. A. Schable. 2005. Isolating microsatellite DNA loci. Methods Enzymol 395:200–202.
Goudet, J. 2001. FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3). Available from http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html.
Greenwood, P. J. 1980. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Anim Behav 28:1140–1162. CrossRef
Greenwood, P. J. and P. H. Harvey. 1982. The natal and breeding dispersal of birds. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:1–21. CrossRef, CSA
Johnson, M. L. and M. S. Gaines. 1990. Evolution of dispersal: theoretical models and empirical tests using birds and mammals. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 21:449–480. CrossRef
Jukes, T. H. and C. R. Cantor. 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In “Mammalian Protein Metabolism”. Ed by Munro, H. M., editor. Academic Press. New York. pp. 21–132.
Kang, N., C. J. Hails, and J. B. Sigurdsson. 1991. Nest construction and egg-laying in edible-nest swiftlets Aerodramus spp. and the implications for harvesting. Ibis 133:170–177. CrossRef, CSA
Langham, N. 1980. Breeding Biology of the edible-nest swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus. Ibis 122:447–461. CrossRef
Lau, A. S. M. and D. S. Melville. 1994. International Trade in Swiftlet Nests with Special Reference to Hong Kong. Traffic International. Cambridge.
Lim, C. K. and E. Cranbrook. 2002. Swiftlets of Borneo: Builder of Edible Nests. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia.
Medway, L. 1963. The antiquity of trade in edible birds'nests. Fed Mus J 8:36–47.
Nguyen Quang, P. 1994. Breeding and moult in the edible-nest swiftlet Collocalia fuciphagus germani in Vietnam. Alauda 62:107–115.
Nguyen Quang, P., Y. Quang, and J. F. Voisin. 2002. The White-Nest Swiftlet and the Black-Nest Swiftlet: A Monograph with Special Reference to Vietnam Populations. Société Nouvelle Des Éditions. Boubée, Paris.
Nugroho, E. and I. Whendrato. 1996. The farming of Edible-nest Swiftlets in Indonesia. The CITES Technical Workshop on Conservation Priorities and Actions for the Sustainability of Harvesting and Trade in Nests of Swiftlets of the Genus Collocalia that Feature Prominently in the Birds' Nest Trade, Surabaya, Indonesia, 4–7 November, 1996.
Oyler-McCance, S. J., S. E. Taylor, and T. W. Quinn. 2005. A multilocus population genetic suvey of the greater sage-grouse across their range. Mol Ecol 14:1239–1310. CrossRef
Pauls, S. U., K. A. Feldheim, and P. Haase. 2007. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the caddisfly Drusus discolor (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Mol Ecol Notes 7:150–152. CrossRef
Pothieng, D. 2005. Ecology and distribution of white-nest swiftlet (Collocalia fuciphagus). Compilation of 2004 Research, Progessive Reports and Essays of Wildlife Ecology, Wildlife Research Division, Natural Park. Wildlife and Plans Conservation Department. Bangkok. pp. 89–113. (in Thai).
Price, J. J., K. P. Johnson, and D. H. Clayton. 2004. The evolution of echolocation in swiftlets. J Avian Biol 35:135–143. CrossRef
Pritchard, J. K., M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–959. Medline, CSA
Raymond, M. and F. Rousset. 1995. GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered 86:248–249.
Rice, W. R. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223–225. CrossRef
Roeder, A. D., et al 2001. Gene flow on the ice: genetic differentiation among Adélie penguin colonies around Antarctica. Mol Ecol 10:1645–1656. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Rogers, A. R. and H. Harpending. 1992. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Mol Biol Evol 9:552–569. Medline
Royal Institute. 2002. The Royal Institute Thai Gazetteer Vol 1. 4th edThe Royal Institute. Bangkok. (in Thai).
Rozas, J., J. C. Sánchez-DelBarrio, X. Messeguer, and R. Rozas. 2003. DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19:2496–2497. CrossRef, Medline
Sankaran, R. 2001. The status and conservation of the ediblenest swiftlet (Collocalia fuciphaga) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Biol Conserv 97:283–294. CrossRef, CSA
Schuelke, M. 2000. An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. Nat Biotechnol 18:233–234. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Slatkin, M. 1985. Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow. Evolution 39:53–65. CrossRef, CSA
Tajima, F. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123:585–595. Medline, CSA
Thomassen, H. A., A. T. Wiersema, M. A. G. de Bakker, P. de Knijff, E. Hetebrij, and G. D. E. Povel. 2003. A new phylogeny of swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae) based on cytochrome-b DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 29:86–93. CrossRef, Medline
Viruhpintu, S. 2002. Breeding Biology of the White-Nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) in Man-Made and Natural Habitats. PhD Dissertation, Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science. Chulalongkorn University. Thailand.
Viruhpintu, S., K. Thirakhupt, A. Pradatsundarasar, and P. Poonswad. 2002. Nest-site characteristics of the edible-nest swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) at Si-Ha islands, Phattalung Province, Thailand. Nat Hist J Chulalongkorn Univ 2:31–35.
Yang, S. J., F. M. Lei, Y. H. Qu, and Z. H. Yin. 2006a. Intraspecific phylogeography of the white-rumped snowfinch (Onychostruthus taczanowskii) endemic to the Tibetan Plateau based on mtDNA sequences. J Zool 268:187–192. CrossRef
Yang, S. J., Z. H. Yin, X. M. Ma, and F. M. Lei. 2006b. Phylogeogrpahy of ground tit (Pseudopodoces humilis) based on mtDNA: evidence of past fragmentation on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol Phylogenet Evol 41:257–265. CrossRef, MedlineArticle Views
» Abstract & References
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BioOne is the product of innovative collaboration between scientific societies, libraries, academe and the private sector.
21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036 • Phone 202.296.2296 • Fax 202.872.0884 Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
Copyright © 2009 BioOne All rights reserved
Current: May 2009 : Volume 26 Issue 5
BioOne Member Since: 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Impact Factor: 1.125
ISI Journal Citation Reports® Rankings:
50/124 - Zoology
Zoological Science 25(4):372-380. 2008
doi: 10.2108/zsj.25.372
Genetic Homogeneity Among Colonies of the White-Nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) in Thailand
Anchalee Aowphol1,2, Harold Knight Voris3, Kevin Andrew Feldheim4, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn2, and Kumthorn Thirakhupt1,2,*
1Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
4Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
* Corresponding author. Phone: +66-2-2185259; Fax : +66-2-2185260; E-mail: kumthorn.t@chula.ac.th
Abstract
The white-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus, originally lived in large colonies in natural caves, but now it also occurs in man-made buildings. We investigated the patterns of genetic differentiation in two mitochondrial DNA genes (cyt-b and ND2) and eight microsatellite loci among and within colonies of A. fuciphagus from across recently established man-made colonies in Thailand. Ten white-nest swiftlet colonies were sampled along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea in Thailand during 2003–2006. The genetic diversity of mtDNA was very low, and few significant ΦST values were found between pairs of colonies. Analyses of haplotype relationships did not show genetic structure across the sampled distribution. The level of genetic diversity for microsatellite loci was high, but FST values were not significant. However, due to small sample sizes for some colonies that could limit conclusions on genetic differentiation from ΦST and FST, we also analyzed the microsatellite data using STRUCTURE and found that number of subpopulations of white-nest swiftlets in sampled colonies was one. The lack of genetic differentiation among swiftlet house colonies could be a result of high gene flow between colonies and large population sizes. Our results suggest that A. fuciphagus living in recently established man-made colonies in Thailand should be considered members of a single panmictic population. Future work will be necessary to determine whether this panmixia is stable or a temporary result of the recent explosive expansion of the number of colonies, and comparisons to natural colonies may provide an understanding of mechanisms producing the lack of genetic structure in swiftlet house colonies.
Received: December 12, 2007; Accepted: January 10, 2008
Keywords: Aerodramus fuciphagus, white-nest swiftlet, genetic homogeneity, genetic structure, micro-satellites
REFERENCES
Avise, J. C. 2004. Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. 2nd edSinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Barton, N. H. and M. Slatkin. 1986. A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population. Heredity 56:409–415. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Bull, J. J., J. P. Huelsenbeck, C. W. Cunningham, D. L. Swofford, and P. J. Waddell. 1993. Partition and combining data in phylogenetic analysis. Syst Biol 42:384–397. CrossRef
Burg, T. M. and J. P. Croxall. 2001. Global relationship amongst black-browed and grey headed albatrosses: analysis of population structure using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites. Mol Ecol 10:2647–2660. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Carlsson, J., J. R. McDowell, P. Díaz-Jaimes, J. E. L. Carlsson, S. B. Boles, J. R. Gold, and J. E. Graves. 2004. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus) population structure in the Mediterranean Sea. Mol Ecol 13:3345–3356. CrossRef, Medline
Chantler, P. and G. Driessens. 2000. Swifts: A Guide to the Swifts and Treeswifts of the World. 2nd edPica Press. East Sussex.
Clements, R., N. S. Sodhi, M. Schilthuizen, and P. K. Ng. 2006. Limestone katsts of Southeast Asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity. BioScience 56:733–742. CrossRef
Coltman, D. W., G. Stenson, M. O. Hammill, T. Haug, C. S. Davis, and T. L. Fulton. 2007. Panmictic population structure in the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Mol Ecol 16:1639–1648. CrossRef, Medline
Cunningham, C. W. 1997. Can three incongruence test predict when data should be combined? Mol Biol Evol 147:733–740.
Davis, L. A., E. H. Roalson, K. L. Cornell, K. D. McClanahan, and M. S. Webster. 2006. Genetic divergence and migration patterns in a North American Passerine bird: implications for evolution and conservation. Mol Ecol 15:2141–2152. CrossRef, Medline
Dobson, F. S. 1982. Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. Anim Behav 30:1183–1192. CrossRef, CSA
Excoffier, L., G. Laval, and S. Schneider. 2005. Arlequin version 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online 1:47–50.
Feldheim, K. A., M. L. McFarlane, and R. C. K. Bowie. 2006. Isolation of highly polymorphic autosomal microsatellite loci and a sex-linked locus from sugarbirds. Mol Ecol Notes 6:1019–1021. CrossRef
Fu, Y. X. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutation against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147:915–925. Medline, CSA
Glenn, T. C. and N. A. Schable. 2005. Isolating microsatellite DNA loci. Methods Enzymol 395:200–202.
Goudet, J. 2001. FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3). Available from http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html.
Greenwood, P. J. 1980. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Anim Behav 28:1140–1162. CrossRef
Greenwood, P. J. and P. H. Harvey. 1982. The natal and breeding dispersal of birds. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:1–21. CrossRef, CSA
Johnson, M. L. and M. S. Gaines. 1990. Evolution of dispersal: theoretical models and empirical tests using birds and mammals. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 21:449–480. CrossRef
Jukes, T. H. and C. R. Cantor. 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In “Mammalian Protein Metabolism”. Ed by Munro, H. M., editor. Academic Press. New York. pp. 21–132.
Kang, N., C. J. Hails, and J. B. Sigurdsson. 1991. Nest construction and egg-laying in edible-nest swiftlets Aerodramus spp. and the implications for harvesting. Ibis 133:170–177. CrossRef, CSA
Langham, N. 1980. Breeding Biology of the edible-nest swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus. Ibis 122:447–461. CrossRef
Lau, A. S. M. and D. S. Melville. 1994. International Trade in Swiftlet Nests with Special Reference to Hong Kong. Traffic International. Cambridge.
Lim, C. K. and E. Cranbrook. 2002. Swiftlets of Borneo: Builder of Edible Nests. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia.
Medway, L. 1963. The antiquity of trade in edible birds'nests. Fed Mus J 8:36–47.
Nguyen Quang, P. 1994. Breeding and moult in the edible-nest swiftlet Collocalia fuciphagus germani in Vietnam. Alauda 62:107–115.
Nguyen Quang, P., Y. Quang, and J. F. Voisin. 2002. The White-Nest Swiftlet and the Black-Nest Swiftlet: A Monograph with Special Reference to Vietnam Populations. Société Nouvelle Des Éditions. Boubée, Paris.
Nugroho, E. and I. Whendrato. 1996. The farming of Edible-nest Swiftlets in Indonesia. The CITES Technical Workshop on Conservation Priorities and Actions for the Sustainability of Harvesting and Trade in Nests of Swiftlets of the Genus Collocalia that Feature Prominently in the Birds' Nest Trade, Surabaya, Indonesia, 4–7 November, 1996.
Oyler-McCance, S. J., S. E. Taylor, and T. W. Quinn. 2005. A multilocus population genetic suvey of the greater sage-grouse across their range. Mol Ecol 14:1239–1310. CrossRef
Pauls, S. U., K. A. Feldheim, and P. Haase. 2007. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the caddisfly Drusus discolor (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Mol Ecol Notes 7:150–152. CrossRef
Pothieng, D. 2005. Ecology and distribution of white-nest swiftlet (Collocalia fuciphagus). Compilation of 2004 Research, Progessive Reports and Essays of Wildlife Ecology, Wildlife Research Division, Natural Park. Wildlife and Plans Conservation Department. Bangkok. pp. 89–113. (in Thai).
Price, J. J., K. P. Johnson, and D. H. Clayton. 2004. The evolution of echolocation in swiftlets. J Avian Biol 35:135–143. CrossRef
Pritchard, J. K., M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–959. Medline, CSA
Raymond, M. and F. Rousset. 1995. GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered 86:248–249.
Rice, W. R. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223–225. CrossRef
Roeder, A. D., et al 2001. Gene flow on the ice: genetic differentiation among Adélie penguin colonies around Antarctica. Mol Ecol 10:1645–1656. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Rogers, A. R. and H. Harpending. 1992. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Mol Biol Evol 9:552–569. Medline
Royal Institute. 2002. The Royal Institute Thai Gazetteer Vol 1. 4th edThe Royal Institute. Bangkok. (in Thai).
Rozas, J., J. C. Sánchez-DelBarrio, X. Messeguer, and R. Rozas. 2003. DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19:2496–2497. CrossRef, Medline
Sankaran, R. 2001. The status and conservation of the ediblenest swiftlet (Collocalia fuciphaga) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Biol Conserv 97:283–294. CrossRef, CSA
Schuelke, M. 2000. An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. Nat Biotechnol 18:233–234. CrossRef, Medline, CSA
Slatkin, M. 1985. Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow. Evolution 39:53–65. CrossRef, CSA
Tajima, F. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123:585–595. Medline, CSA
Thomassen, H. A., A. T. Wiersema, M. A. G. de Bakker, P. de Knijff, E. Hetebrij, and G. D. E. Povel. 2003. A new phylogeny of swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae) based on cytochrome-b DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 29:86–93. CrossRef, Medline
Viruhpintu, S. 2002. Breeding Biology of the White-Nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) in Man-Made and Natural Habitats. PhD Dissertation, Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science. Chulalongkorn University. Thailand.
Viruhpintu, S., K. Thirakhupt, A. Pradatsundarasar, and P. Poonswad. 2002. Nest-site characteristics of the edible-nest swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) at Si-Ha islands, Phattalung Province, Thailand. Nat Hist J Chulalongkorn Univ 2:31–35.
Yang, S. J., F. M. Lei, Y. H. Qu, and Z. H. Yin. 2006a. Intraspecific phylogeography of the white-rumped snowfinch (Onychostruthus taczanowskii) endemic to the Tibetan Plateau based on mtDNA sequences. J Zool 268:187–192. CrossRef
Yang, S. J., Z. H. Yin, X. M. Ma, and F. M. Lei. 2006b. Phylogeogrpahy of ground tit (Pseudopodoces humilis) based on mtDNA: evidence of past fragmentation on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol Phylogenet Evol 41:257–265. CrossRef, MedlineArticle Views
» Abstract & References
Full Text
PDF (582 KB)
Article Tools
Disable search highlighting
Add to Favorites
Sign Up for E-alerts
Download to Citation Manager
Alert me when this article is cited: Email | RSS
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BioOne is the product of innovative collaboration between scientific societies, libraries, academe and the private sector.
21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036 • Phone 202.296.2296 • Fax 202.872.0884 Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
Copyright © 2009 BioOne All rights reserved
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in birdnest
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 266 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
THE DETECTION OF Staphylococcus aureus IN SWIFTLETS' NEST
USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (STREPTAVIDIN BIOTIN)
Retno Oktorina*, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto**, Sitarina Widyarini**, Hastari Wuryastuti**, R. Wasito**
ABSTRACT
A study to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlets' nest using immunohistochemistry (Streptavidin
biotin Complex) has been successfully done. Tissue and supernatant were made from the nest, and the presence of the
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was detected by means of immunohistochemical method. As positive control, we used
Staphylococcus aureus culture, while for negative control we replaced Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody
with Phospat Buffer Saline (PBS). The result showed that staining with Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody in
swiftlets' nest tissue revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus as a brownish group or cluster, resulting from the
reaction of enzymes and chromogen in Streptavidin Biotin Complex. Based on this study, it can be concluded that
immunohistochemical method (Streptavidin Biotin Complex) can be used to detect the presence of Staphylococcus
aureus in swiftlets' nest.
Keywords: swiftlets' nest, S. aureus, immunohistochemistry
INTRODUCTION
A major challenge for Indonesia is to produce animal
food products which are safe for consumers' health.
Animal food safety is not only the world's issue
(Anonym, 2000), but also every indivual's concern. It is
a consumer's right to have safe animal food. Indonesia is
the largest producer and supplier of swiftlets' nest, with
Hongkong, USA, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Japan,
and UK as the major export destinations (Iswonto,
2002). Playing the role as largest producer, Indonesia
should maintain the aspect of food quality as the main
consideration in trade. Market requirement and product
suitability for consumers should be met by increasing
product acceptability and competitiveness in global
market (Anonym, 2000).
Swiftlets' nest is an exotic or delicate food. In addition
as a delicious serving, it can also be used as material for
medications that improves physical strength (Winarno,
1994; Budiman, 2002; Iswanto, 2002). As in other food
materials, swiftlets' nest may subject to damage
resulting from pesticide residuals, animal drugs, heavy
metals, other contaminants, as well as the growth of
microbes, such as bacteria, virus, yeast, and fungi,
which may cause food-borne disease.
To support the availability of safe food products as the
basic consideration in trade, we need microbial
detection method for swiftlets' nest. In a preliminary
______________
*Animal Quarantine Center, Tanjung Perak, Surabaya
**Gadjah Mada University School of Veterinary
Medicine, Yogyakarta
study, Animal Quarantine Board (Balai Karantina
Hewan) in cooperation with Airlangga University
School of Pharmacy had undergone a test on
Microbiological Quality Control for export swiftlets'
nest in Animal Quarantine Juanda (unpublished data).
The result of this preliminary study, obtained using
rapid test (Oxoid, United Kingdom) and followed with
fertilization in agar media, showed that Staphylococcus
spp was identified in five samples of swiftlets' nest,
while Escherichia coli was identified in one sample.
Salmonella spp and Pseudomonas spp were not found.
Staphylococcus spp is a group of bacteria that plays an
important role in food microbiology, and
Staphylococcus aureus is the prominent bacteria in food
because during its growth the organism can produce
enterotoxin. Ecologically, Staphylococcus aureus is
closely related with human beings. In largest amount of
cooked or salted foods, Staphylococcus aureus can
unceasingly grow until reaching a hazardous level
(Buckle, 1987). Based on this preliminary study, a fast
and accurate method to detect Staphylococcus aureus in
swiftlets' nest was needed. The method that is recently
developing is the use of immunohistochemistry by
means of the principle of specific binding between
antigen and antibody which was visualized through
enzymes and substrates. This method used basic
principles of immunology in tissue or cells.
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 267 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used swiftlets' nest samples ready to be
exported through Juanda Airport. The samples were
processed to make preparations in Veterinary Disease
Inspection Bureau (Balai Penyidikan Penyakit
Veteriner, BPPV) Regional IV Yogyakarta in
accordance with standard procedure of BPPV
laboratory. The swiftlets' nest preparation in paraffin
embedded tissue section was put onto Poly-L-lysin
(SIGMA)-coated glass object. The
immunohistochemical staining used Streptavidin Biotin,
with stages as recommended by Wasito (1997). The
swiftlets' nest preparation was paraffinized by giving (a)
xylene, three times each for 2 minutes, (b) 100%
ethanol, twice each for 2 minutes, (c) 95% ethanol, once
each for 2 minutes, (d) 50% ethanol, each for 2 minutes,
and (e) distilled water, twice each for 2 minutes, and
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) of 0.01 m with pH 7.1
for 5 - 10 minutes. Subsequently, the preparation was
immersed in H2O2 to remove endogeneous peroxidase,
and incubated in a microwave. The preparation was then
washed with PBS for 10 minutes, and incubated with
blocking serum (V Block) solution for 10 minutes. The
excessive serum was removed from the preparation and
the latter was directly given with primer antibody, i.e.
Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody and
incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes, and
washed with PBS for 10 minutes. Antigen retrieval was
done using citric acid and microwaved for 10 minutes
(Shan et al, 1997). The preparation was incubated with
Biotynilated Secondary Antibody (Lab Vision, USA) at
room temperature for 10 minutes, incubated with
chromogen substrate (Lab Vision, USA) at room
temperature for 15 minutes, washed with distilled water,
and mounted with glycerol to be observed under the
microscope.
For culture preparation of the isolates of Staphylococcus
aureus and supernatant from swiftlets' nest sample, the
stages of immunohistochemical staining were the same
as those in paraffin-embedded tissue section. The
difference was that in supernatant preparation, the
swiftlets' nest should be paraffinized and washed
directly for 5 minutes, while the rest of the procedures
were all the same. To obtain supernatant preparation, 5
grams of swiftlets' nest sample were finely ground,
added with physiologic NaCl and left overnight.
Subsequently, the preparation was dripped on Poli-Llysine-
coated glass object, and incubated in microwave
for 12 hours and subjected to immunohistochemical
staining using Streptavidin Biotin method (Wasito,
1997). As positive control for this staining method, we
used Staphylococcus aureus colony. Negative control
was made by replacing primary antibody with
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The objective of this study was to apply
immunohistochemical method by using Streptavidin
Biotin Complex. This technique is a modification of
indirect method, in which one antigen from swiftlets'
nest is bound by antibody in two stages. First, the
primary antibody is directly bound to antigen.
Afterwards, the antibody will be bound to biotinilyzedprimary
antibody. The binding between antigen and
antibody would be visualized by the change of enzymes
and substrates into brownish color (Hoffman, 1996;
Wasito, 1997; Harkow F and Lane, 1999). The
application of immunohistochemical method is
immunohistochemical staining to culture, supernatant,
and swiftlets' net tissue. Immunohistochemically-stained
Staphylococcus aureus culture from the nest revealed
brown precipitation, indicating the binding between
antigen and antibody as visualized through the reaction
of peroxidase and 3,3 diaminobenzidine
tetrahydrochloride (Figure 1). The Staphylococcus
aureus looks grouped or clustered.
Immunohistochemically-stained swiftlets' nest
supernatant showed the presence of antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and antibody binding, which
was visualized by the presence of brown precipitation
(Figure 2). This was in line with the basic principle of
chromogen, a marker that can visualize marker
substance at immunocomplex binding in
immunohistochemical staining. In this principle, the
binding between chromogen and peroxide (marker
substance) is visualized brown by using 3,3
diamonobenzidine tetrahydrochloride chromogen
(Baroff and Cook, 1994; Wasito, 1997). The paraffin
embedded tissue section of swiftlets' nest using
Streptavidin Biotin method (Lab Vision, USA) showed
the result of antigen (Staphylococcus aureus) and
antibody binding visualized as having brown color
(Figure 3).
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 268 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Figure 1. Staphylococcus aureus culture in swiflet’s nest
Figure 2. Staphylococcus aureus supernatant in swiflet’s nest
Figure 3. Swiflet’s nest tissue
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 269 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Those results showed that immunohistochemical
method using Streptavidin Biotin can be used to detect
Staphylococcus aureus in supernatant and swiftlets' nest
tissue. Previous studies were reported by Cleary et al
(2004), Priambodo (2004) and Tsusumi et al (1991)
who detected bacteria in intestinal epithelium, blood and
urine using immunohistochemical staining. In these
studies the bacteria was apparent in the form of cluster
or clump (bacterial coated antibody).
In culture preparation using immunohistochemical
staining (Streptavidin biotin), the supernatant and
preparation from swiftlets' nest tissue had a brown
color, a result of binding between antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and its monoclonal antibody
which was visualized through chromogen substrate in
the colony of the bacteria that formed a group or cluster
(Duguid, 1989).
CONCLUSION
Immunohistochemical staining can be used to detect the
presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlet's nest.
REFERENCES
Anonim, 2000. Petunjuk Teknis Operasional Tindak
Karantina Hewan Untuk Sarang Burung Walet,
Penerbit Proyek Pusat Karantina, Pertanian, Jakarta
Bbckle KA, Edwards RA, Fleet, Wooton M, 1978. Food
Science, translated by Hari Purnomo dan Adiono,
Penerbit Universitas Indonesia
Budiman A, 2002. Memproduksi Sarang Walet Kualitas
Atas, PT. Penebar Swadaya, jakarta
Bancroft JD and Cook HC, 1994. Manual of
histological techniques and their diagnostic
application. Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom.
Cleary J, Ching Lai L, Robert KS, Stratman IA,
Donnenberg MS, Frankel G, Knutton S, 2004.
Enteropathogenic Esherichia Coli (EPEC) adhesion to
intestinal epithelial cells; role of bundle formingpili
(BFP), Esp A flamens and intimin. J Microbiology
150, pp. 527-538.
Duguid JP, 1989. Staphylococcus: Cluster Farming
Gram Positive Cocci. In: Collee, JG, Duguid JP,
Frasser and Marmion BP. Pratical Medical
Microbiology, 13th ed. Churchill Livingstone,
Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, pp. 305-
308.
Harlow E and Lane, 1999. Using Antibodies, A
Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory
Press, New York.
Hofman F, 1996. Immunohistochemistry. In: Current
Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley and sons, Inc.
pp. 5.8.1-5.8.23.
Iswanto H, 2002. Kiat Mengatasi Permasalahan Praktis
Walet, PT Agromedia Pustaka, pp. 41-50.
Priyambodo Y, 2001. Deteksi bakteri Berselubung
Antibodi Dalam Sedimen Air Kemih Dengan Uji
Streptavidin Biotin, Dissertasion, Airlangga
University, Surabaya.
Tsutsumi Y, Kawai K, Nagakura K, 1991. Use of
patients sera for immunoperoxidase demonstration of
infection agents paraffin sections. J Acta Pathol
Japan 41 (9), pp. 673-679.
Wasito, R, 1997 Immunocytochemistry. In: Diagnostic
Pathology : Use of Immunohistochemocal Tecniques
For Detecting Porcine Specific RNA Transmisible
Gastroenteritisvicus In Vivo. Indon. J. Biotech 6, pp.
121-124.
Winarno, 1994. Sarang Burung Walet, Bahan Hidangan
Eksotis, Bonus Femina (3): 22, Jakarta.E
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 266 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
THE DETECTION OF Staphylococcus aureus IN SWIFTLETS' NEST
USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (STREPTAVIDIN BIOTIN)
Retno Oktorina*, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto**, Sitarina Widyarini**, Hastari Wuryastuti**, R. Wasito**
ABSTRACT
A study to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlets' nest using immunohistochemistry (Streptavidin
biotin Complex) has been successfully done. Tissue and supernatant were made from the nest, and the presence of the
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was detected by means of immunohistochemical method. As positive control, we used
Staphylococcus aureus culture, while for negative control we replaced Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody
with Phospat Buffer Saline (PBS). The result showed that staining with Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody in
swiftlets' nest tissue revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus as a brownish group or cluster, resulting from the
reaction of enzymes and chromogen in Streptavidin Biotin Complex. Based on this study, it can be concluded that
immunohistochemical method (Streptavidin Biotin Complex) can be used to detect the presence of Staphylococcus
aureus in swiftlets' nest.
Keywords: swiftlets' nest, S. aureus, immunohistochemistry
INTRODUCTION
A major challenge for Indonesia is to produce animal
food products which are safe for consumers' health.
Animal food safety is not only the world's issue
(Anonym, 2000), but also every indivual's concern. It is
a consumer's right to have safe animal food. Indonesia is
the largest producer and supplier of swiftlets' nest, with
Hongkong, USA, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Japan,
and UK as the major export destinations (Iswonto,
2002). Playing the role as largest producer, Indonesia
should maintain the aspect of food quality as the main
consideration in trade. Market requirement and product
suitability for consumers should be met by increasing
product acceptability and competitiveness in global
market (Anonym, 2000).
Swiftlets' nest is an exotic or delicate food. In addition
as a delicious serving, it can also be used as material for
medications that improves physical strength (Winarno,
1994; Budiman, 2002; Iswanto, 2002). As in other food
materials, swiftlets' nest may subject to damage
resulting from pesticide residuals, animal drugs, heavy
metals, other contaminants, as well as the growth of
microbes, such as bacteria, virus, yeast, and fungi,
which may cause food-borne disease.
To support the availability of safe food products as the
basic consideration in trade, we need microbial
detection method for swiftlets' nest. In a preliminary
______________
*Animal Quarantine Center, Tanjung Perak, Surabaya
**Gadjah Mada University School of Veterinary
Medicine, Yogyakarta
study, Animal Quarantine Board (Balai Karantina
Hewan) in cooperation with Airlangga University
School of Pharmacy had undergone a test on
Microbiological Quality Control for export swiftlets'
nest in Animal Quarantine Juanda (unpublished data).
The result of this preliminary study, obtained using
rapid test (Oxoid, United Kingdom) and followed with
fertilization in agar media, showed that Staphylococcus
spp was identified in five samples of swiftlets' nest,
while Escherichia coli was identified in one sample.
Salmonella spp and Pseudomonas spp were not found.
Staphylococcus spp is a group of bacteria that plays an
important role in food microbiology, and
Staphylococcus aureus is the prominent bacteria in food
because during its growth the organism can produce
enterotoxin. Ecologically, Staphylococcus aureus is
closely related with human beings. In largest amount of
cooked or salted foods, Staphylococcus aureus can
unceasingly grow until reaching a hazardous level
(Buckle, 1987). Based on this preliminary study, a fast
and accurate method to detect Staphylococcus aureus in
swiftlets' nest was needed. The method that is recently
developing is the use of immunohistochemistry by
means of the principle of specific binding between
antigen and antibody which was visualized through
enzymes and substrates. This method used basic
principles of immunology in tissue or cells.
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 267 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used swiftlets' nest samples ready to be
exported through Juanda Airport. The samples were
processed to make preparations in Veterinary Disease
Inspection Bureau (Balai Penyidikan Penyakit
Veteriner, BPPV) Regional IV Yogyakarta in
accordance with standard procedure of BPPV
laboratory. The swiftlets' nest preparation in paraffin
embedded tissue section was put onto Poly-L-lysin
(SIGMA)-coated glass object. The
immunohistochemical staining used Streptavidin Biotin,
with stages as recommended by Wasito (1997). The
swiftlets' nest preparation was paraffinized by giving (a)
xylene, three times each for 2 minutes, (b) 100%
ethanol, twice each for 2 minutes, (c) 95% ethanol, once
each for 2 minutes, (d) 50% ethanol, each for 2 minutes,
and (e) distilled water, twice each for 2 minutes, and
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) of 0.01 m with pH 7.1
for 5 - 10 minutes. Subsequently, the preparation was
immersed in H2O2 to remove endogeneous peroxidase,
and incubated in a microwave. The preparation was then
washed with PBS for 10 minutes, and incubated with
blocking serum (V Block) solution for 10 minutes. The
excessive serum was removed from the preparation and
the latter was directly given with primer antibody, i.e.
Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody and
incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes, and
washed with PBS for 10 minutes. Antigen retrieval was
done using citric acid and microwaved for 10 minutes
(Shan et al, 1997). The preparation was incubated with
Biotynilated Secondary Antibody (Lab Vision, USA) at
room temperature for 10 minutes, incubated with
chromogen substrate (Lab Vision, USA) at room
temperature for 15 minutes, washed with distilled water,
and mounted with glycerol to be observed under the
microscope.
For culture preparation of the isolates of Staphylococcus
aureus and supernatant from swiftlets' nest sample, the
stages of immunohistochemical staining were the same
as those in paraffin-embedded tissue section. The
difference was that in supernatant preparation, the
swiftlets' nest should be paraffinized and washed
directly for 5 minutes, while the rest of the procedures
were all the same. To obtain supernatant preparation, 5
grams of swiftlets' nest sample were finely ground,
added with physiologic NaCl and left overnight.
Subsequently, the preparation was dripped on Poli-Llysine-
coated glass object, and incubated in microwave
for 12 hours and subjected to immunohistochemical
staining using Streptavidin Biotin method (Wasito,
1997). As positive control for this staining method, we
used Staphylococcus aureus colony. Negative control
was made by replacing primary antibody with
Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The objective of this study was to apply
immunohistochemical method by using Streptavidin
Biotin Complex. This technique is a modification of
indirect method, in which one antigen from swiftlets'
nest is bound by antibody in two stages. First, the
primary antibody is directly bound to antigen.
Afterwards, the antibody will be bound to biotinilyzedprimary
antibody. The binding between antigen and
antibody would be visualized by the change of enzymes
and substrates into brownish color (Hoffman, 1996;
Wasito, 1997; Harkow F and Lane, 1999). The
application of immunohistochemical method is
immunohistochemical staining to culture, supernatant,
and swiftlets' net tissue. Immunohistochemically-stained
Staphylococcus aureus culture from the nest revealed
brown precipitation, indicating the binding between
antigen and antibody as visualized through the reaction
of peroxidase and 3,3 diaminobenzidine
tetrahydrochloride (Figure 1). The Staphylococcus
aureus looks grouped or clustered.
Immunohistochemically-stained swiftlets' nest
supernatant showed the presence of antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and antibody binding, which
was visualized by the presence of brown precipitation
(Figure 2). This was in line with the basic principle of
chromogen, a marker that can visualize marker
substance at immunocomplex binding in
immunohistochemical staining. In this principle, the
binding between chromogen and peroxide (marker
substance) is visualized brown by using 3,3
diamonobenzidine tetrahydrochloride chromogen
(Baroff and Cook, 1994; Wasito, 1997). The paraffin
embedded tissue section of swiftlets' nest using
Streptavidin Biotin method (Lab Vision, USA) showed
the result of antigen (Staphylococcus aureus) and
antibody binding visualized as having brown color
(Figure 3).
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 268 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Figure 1. Staphylococcus aureus culture in swiflet’s nest
Figure 2. Staphylococcus aureus supernatant in swiflet’s nest
Figure 3. Swiflet’s nest tissue
The Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Swiftlets' Nest
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 269 41 No. 4 October – December 2005
Those results showed that immunohistochemical
method using Streptavidin Biotin can be used to detect
Staphylococcus aureus in supernatant and swiftlets' nest
tissue. Previous studies were reported by Cleary et al
(2004), Priambodo (2004) and Tsusumi et al (1991)
who detected bacteria in intestinal epithelium, blood and
urine using immunohistochemical staining. In these
studies the bacteria was apparent in the form of cluster
or clump (bacterial coated antibody).
In culture preparation using immunohistochemical
staining (Streptavidin biotin), the supernatant and
preparation from swiftlets' nest tissue had a brown
color, a result of binding between antigen
(Staphylococcus aureus) and its monoclonal antibody
which was visualized through chromogen substrate in
the colony of the bacteria that formed a group or cluster
(Duguid, 1989).
CONCLUSION
Immunohistochemical staining can be used to detect the
presence of Staphylococcus aureus in swiftlet's nest.
REFERENCES
Anonim, 2000. Petunjuk Teknis Operasional Tindak
Karantina Hewan Untuk Sarang Burung Walet,
Penerbit Proyek Pusat Karantina, Pertanian, Jakarta
Bbckle KA, Edwards RA, Fleet, Wooton M, 1978. Food
Science, translated by Hari Purnomo dan Adiono,
Penerbit Universitas Indonesia
Budiman A, 2002. Memproduksi Sarang Walet Kualitas
Atas, PT. Penebar Swadaya, jakarta
Bancroft JD and Cook HC, 1994. Manual of
histological techniques and their diagnostic
application. Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom.
Cleary J, Ching Lai L, Robert KS, Stratman IA,
Donnenberg MS, Frankel G, Knutton S, 2004.
Enteropathogenic Esherichia Coli (EPEC) adhesion to
intestinal epithelial cells; role of bundle formingpili
(BFP), Esp A flamens and intimin. J Microbiology
150, pp. 527-538.
Duguid JP, 1989. Staphylococcus: Cluster Farming
Gram Positive Cocci. In: Collee, JG, Duguid JP,
Frasser and Marmion BP. Pratical Medical
Microbiology, 13th ed. Churchill Livingstone,
Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, pp. 305-
308.
Harlow E and Lane, 1999. Using Antibodies, A
Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory
Press, New York.
Hofman F, 1996. Immunohistochemistry. In: Current
Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley and sons, Inc.
pp. 5.8.1-5.8.23.
Iswanto H, 2002. Kiat Mengatasi Permasalahan Praktis
Walet, PT Agromedia Pustaka, pp. 41-50.
Priyambodo Y, 2001. Deteksi bakteri Berselubung
Antibodi Dalam Sedimen Air Kemih Dengan Uji
Streptavidin Biotin, Dissertasion, Airlangga
University, Surabaya.
Tsutsumi Y, Kawai K, Nagakura K, 1991. Use of
patients sera for immunoperoxidase demonstration of
infection agents paraffin sections. J Acta Pathol
Japan 41 (9), pp. 673-679.
Wasito, R, 1997 Immunocytochemistry. In: Diagnostic
Pathology : Use of Immunohistochemocal Tecniques
For Detecting Porcine Specific RNA Transmisible
Gastroenteritisvicus In Vivo. Indon. J. Biotech 6, pp.
121-124.
Winarno, 1994. Sarang Burung Walet, Bahan Hidangan
Eksotis, Bonus Femina (3): 22, Jakarta.E
birdnest management
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Journal Article
Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Journal Biodiversity and Conservation
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0960-3115 (Print) 1572-9710 (Online)
Issue Volume 13, Number 12 / November, 2004
DOI 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000047905.79709.7f
Pages 2209-2226
Subject Collection Biomedical and Life Sciences
SpringerLink Date Monday, January 03, 2005
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PDF (156.9 KB)Free Preview
Problems in the harvest of edible birds'' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Joseph J. Hobbs1
(1) Department of Geography, University of Missouri-Columbia, 8, Stewart Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA (e-mail
Abstract Due to the value of their nests, there is great pressure on the populations of black-nest swiftlets (Collocalia maximus) and white-nest swiftlets (Collocalia fuciphagus) in the Malaysian provinces of Sarawak and Sabah. The problems are particularly acute at Gunung Mulu National Park, in spite of a complete ban on collection there, and at Niah National Park, where every participant in a complex collection and trading system has an incentive to take more nests than permitted. More successful harvest systems function in Sabah''s Gomantong and Madai Caves. Recommendations for improved management of the nest harvest include addressing corruption, ensuring that local people with traditional rights to collect nests do not lose income to illegal immigrant labor and to traders, improving research and education about the swiftlets'' behavior and ecology, and moving value-added processing of the nests closer to the caves where they originate and to the people who collect them.
Birds nests - Borneo - Ethnicity and resource access - Malaysia - Poaching - Swiftlets
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Joseph J. Hobbs
Email: HobbsJ@missouri.edu
Fax: +1-573-884-4239
Fulltext Preview (Small, Large)
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Architecture and Design Behavioral Science Biomedical and Life Sciences Business and Economics Chemistry and Materials Science Computer Science Earth and Environmental Science Engineering Humanities, Social Sciences and Law Mathematics and Statistics Medicine Physics and Astronomy Professional and Applied Computing 中文(简体) 中文(繁體) English Deutsch 한국어 日本語 Français Español العربية Русский
Journal Article
Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Journal Biodiversity and Conservation
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0960-3115 (Print) 1572-9710 (Online)
Issue Volume 13, Number 12 / November, 2004
DOI 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000047905.79709.7f
Pages 2209-2226
Subject Collection Biomedical and Life Sciences
SpringerLink Date Monday, January 03, 2005
Add to marked items
Add to shopping cart
Add to saved items
Permissions & Reprints
Recommend this article
PDF (156.9 KB)Free Preview
Problems in the harvest of edible birds'' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Joseph J. Hobbs1
(1) Department of Geography, University of Missouri-Columbia, 8, Stewart Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA (e-mail
Abstract Due to the value of their nests, there is great pressure on the populations of black-nest swiftlets (Collocalia maximus) and white-nest swiftlets (Collocalia fuciphagus) in the Malaysian provinces of Sarawak and Sabah. The problems are particularly acute at Gunung Mulu National Park, in spite of a complete ban on collection there, and at Niah National Park, where every participant in a complex collection and trading system has an incentive to take more nests than permitted. More successful harvest systems function in Sabah''s Gomantong and Madai Caves. Recommendations for improved management of the nest harvest include addressing corruption, ensuring that local people with traditional rights to collect nests do not lose income to illegal immigrant labor and to traders, improving research and education about the swiftlets'' behavior and ecology, and moving value-added processing of the nests closer to the caves where they originate and to the people who collect them.
Birds nests - Borneo - Ethnicity and resource access - Malaysia - Poaching - Swiftlets
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Joseph J. Hobbs
Email: HobbsJ@missouri.edu
Fax: +1-573-884-4239
Fulltext Preview (Small, Large)
References secured to subscribers.
more options Find Query Builder Close | Clear Title (ti) Summary (su) Author (au) ISSN (issn) ISBN (isbn) DOI (doi) And Or Not ( ) * (wildcard) "" (exact) Within all content
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Export this article Export this article as RIS | Text
Frequently asked questions | General information on journals and books | Send us your feedback | Impressum | Contact
© Springer. Part of Springer Science+Business Media
Privacy, Disclaimer, Terms and Conditions, © Copyright Information
Privacy Policy
Remote Address: 60.53.15.109 • Server: mpweb19
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Swiflet Nest Research
Go to Print Version
Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906
Taxonomic Serial No.: 178017
Download Aerodramus TSN 178017
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Kingdom: Animalia
Taxonomic Rank: Genus
Synonym(s):
Common Name(s): Edible-nest Swiftlets [English]
Taxonomic Status:
Current Standing: valid
Data Quality Indicators:
Record Credibility Rating: verified - standards met
Global Species Completeness: complete
Latest Record Review: 2005
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom Animalia -- Animal, animals, animaux
Phylum Chordata -- chordates, cordado, cordés
Subphylum Vertebrata -- vertebrado, vertebrates, vertébrés
Class Aves -- Birds, oiseaux
Order Apodiformes -- Hummingbirds, Swifts
Family Apodidae -- Swifts
Subfamily Apodinae
Genus Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906 -- Edible-nest Swiftlets
Direct Children:
Species Aerodramus bartschi (Mearns, 1909) -- Mariana Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus brevirostris (Horsfield, 1840) -- Himalayan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus elaphrus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Seychelles Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus francicus (Gmelin, 1789) -- Mascarene Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) -- Edible-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus hirundinaceus (Stresemann, 1914) -- Mountain Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus infuscatus (Salvadori, 1880) -- Moluccan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus inquietus (Kittlitz, 1858)
Species Aerodramus leucophaeus (Peale, 1848) -- Tahiti Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus maximus (Hume, 1878) -- Black-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus mearnsi (Oberholser, 1912) -- Philippine Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus nuditarsus (Salomonsen, 1962) -- Bare-legged Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus ocistus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Marquesan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus orientalis (Mayr, 1935) -- Mayr's Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus papuensis (Rand, 1941) -- Three-toed Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus pelewensis (Mayr, 1935) -- Palau Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus salangana (Streubel, 1848) -- Mossy-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus spodiopygius (Peale, 1848) -- White-rumped Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus terraereginae (E. P. Ramsay, 1875) -- Australian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus unicolor (Jerdon, 1840) -- Indian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) -- Gray Swiftlet, Uniform Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895) -- Whitehead's Swiftlet
References
Expert(s):
Expert: Alan P. Peterson, M.D.
Notes: PO Box 1999 Walla Walla, Washington 99362-0999
Reference for: Aerodramus
Expert: Richard C. Banks
Notes: Chief, Bird Section, U.S.G.S. - B.R.D. - P.W.R.C.
Reference for: Aerodramus
Other Source(s):
Source: NODC Taxonomic Code, database (version 8.0)
Acquired: 1996
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus
Source: Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2005.11.05, website (version 05-Nov-05)
Acquired: 2005
Notes: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data maintained by Alan P. Peterson at http://www.zoonomen.net
Reference for: Aerodramus
Publication(s):
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes
Publication Date: 2003
Article/Chapter Title:
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Page(s):
Publisher:
Publication Place:
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes: As-yet (2003) unpublished manuscript from 1998
Reference for: Aerodramus
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner
Publication Date: 1987
Article/Chapter Title: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Resource Publication, no. 166
Page(s): 79
Publisher: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
Publication Place: Washington, D.C., USA
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus, Edible-nest Swiftlets
Geographic Information
Geographic Division:
Jurisdiction/Origin:
Comments
Comment:
Other Off-Site Resources
Additional off-site resources may be available for this taxon. ITIS will build search links for all of the following that return results:
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Data Portal
BioOne Journals
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Life Sciences Search
Google Images
The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora Search
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Search
Threatened and Endangered Species (TESS) Search
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Search
Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) Search
USDA PLANTS Database Search
NatureServe Explorer Search
Please be patient. The time it takes to return results depends on the speed of the individual sites and may take several minutes.
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Date Generated:
Tue May 26 2009 04:49:38 MDT
Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906
Taxonomic Serial No.: 178017
Download Aerodramus TSN 178017
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Kingdom: Animalia
Taxonomic Rank: Genus
Synonym(s):
Common Name(s): Edible-nest Swiftlets [English]
Taxonomic Status:
Current Standing: valid
Data Quality Indicators:
Record Credibility Rating: verified - standards met
Global Species Completeness: complete
Latest Record Review: 2005
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom Animalia -- Animal, animals, animaux
Phylum Chordata -- chordates, cordado, cordés
Subphylum Vertebrata -- vertebrado, vertebrates, vertébrés
Class Aves -- Birds, oiseaux
Order Apodiformes -- Hummingbirds, Swifts
Family Apodidae -- Swifts
Subfamily Apodinae
Genus Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906 -- Edible-nest Swiftlets
Direct Children:
Species Aerodramus bartschi (Mearns, 1909) -- Mariana Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus brevirostris (Horsfield, 1840) -- Himalayan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus elaphrus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Seychelles Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus francicus (Gmelin, 1789) -- Mascarene Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) -- Edible-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus hirundinaceus (Stresemann, 1914) -- Mountain Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus infuscatus (Salvadori, 1880) -- Moluccan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus inquietus (Kittlitz, 1858)
Species Aerodramus leucophaeus (Peale, 1848) -- Tahiti Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus maximus (Hume, 1878) -- Black-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus mearnsi (Oberholser, 1912) -- Philippine Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus nuditarsus (Salomonsen, 1962) -- Bare-legged Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus ocistus (Oberholser, 1906) -- Marquesan Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus orientalis (Mayr, 1935) -- Mayr's Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus papuensis (Rand, 1941) -- Three-toed Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus pelewensis (Mayr, 1935) -- Palau Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus salangana (Streubel, 1848) -- Mossy-nest Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus spodiopygius (Peale, 1848) -- White-rumped Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus terraereginae (E. P. Ramsay, 1875) -- Australian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus unicolor (Jerdon, 1840) -- Indian Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) -- Gray Swiftlet, Uniform Swiftlet
Species Aerodramus whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895) -- Whitehead's Swiftlet
References
Expert(s):
Expert: Alan P. Peterson, M.D.
Notes: PO Box 1999 Walla Walla, Washington 99362-0999
Reference for: Aerodramus
Expert: Richard C. Banks
Notes: Chief, Bird Section, U.S.G.S. - B.R.D. - P.W.R.C.
Reference for: Aerodramus
Other Source(s):
Source: NODC Taxonomic Code, database (version 8.0)
Acquired: 1996
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus
Source: Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2005.11.05, website (version 05-Nov-05)
Acquired: 2005
Notes: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data maintained by Alan P. Peterson at http://www.zoonomen.net
Reference for: Aerodramus
Publication(s):
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes
Publication Date: 2003
Article/Chapter Title:
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Page(s):
Publisher:
Publication Place:
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes: As-yet (2003) unpublished manuscript from 1998
Reference for: Aerodramus
Author(s)/Editor(s): Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner
Publication Date: 1987
Article/Chapter Title: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
Journal/Book Name, Vol. No.: Resource Publication, no. 166
Page(s): 79
Publisher: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
Publication Place: Washington, D.C., USA
ISBN/ISSN:
Notes:
Reference for: Aerodramus, Edible-nest Swiftlets
Geographic Information
Geographic Division:
Jurisdiction/Origin:
Comments
Comment:
Other Off-Site Resources
Additional off-site resources may be available for this taxon. ITIS will build search links for all of the following that return results:
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Data Portal
BioOne Journals
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Life Sciences Search
Google Images
The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora Search
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Search
Threatened and Endangered Species (TESS) Search
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Search
Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) Search
USDA PLANTS Database Search
NatureServe Explorer Search
Please be patient. The time it takes to return results depends on the speed of the individual sites and may take several minutes.
Search on: Any Name or TSN Common Name Scientific Name TSN
In: every Animal Plant Fungal Monera Protozoa Chromista Kingdom exactly for containing starting with ending with
Go to Advanced Search and Report
Date Generated:
Tue May 26 2009 04:49:38 MDT
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